What the novel ecosystem concept provides: a reply to Kattan et al

The novel ecosystem concept expands the restoration palette by focusing our attention on what is possible when recovery to an historical pre-disturbance condition is not. Although some elements of the concept have long been accepted in restoration circles, the novel ecosystem framework brings these elements to the fore. There is a growing frustration with restoration prescriptions that above all else emphasize native species and historical trajectories, and there is a clear need for alternatives that recognize real limitations to achieving these goals in at least some instances. Though not perfect, the novel ecosystem framework represents such an alternative.