@article{5db190e0cc40465abcc9db9f38450a47,
title = "Utilizing a storm-generating hotspot to study convective cloud transitions: The CACTI experiment",
abstract = "The Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) field campaign was designed to improve understanding of orographic cloud life cycles in relation to surrounding atmospheric thermodynamic, flow, and aerosol conditions. The deployment to the Sierras de C{\'o}rdoba range in north-central Argentina was chosen because of very frequent cumulus congestus, deep convection initiation, and mesoscale convective organization uniquely observable from a fixed site. The C-band Scanning Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Precipitation Radar was deployed for the first time with over 50 ARM Mobile Facility atmospheric state, surface, aerosol, radiation, cloud, and precipitation instruments between October 2018 and April 2019. An intensive observing period (IOP) coincident with the RELAMPAGO field campaign was held between 1 November and 15 December during which 22 flights were performed by the ARM Gulfstream-1 aircraft. A multitude of atmospheric processes and cloud conditions were observed over the 7-month campaign, including numerous orographic cumulus and stratocumulus events; new particle formation and growth producing high aerosol concentrations; drizzle formation in fog and shallow liquid clouds; very low aerosol conditions following wet deposition in heavy rainfall; initiation of ice in congestus clouds across a range of temperatures; extreme deep convection reaching 21-km altitudes; and organization of intense, hail-containing supercells and mesoscale convective systems. These comprehensive datasets include many of the first ever collected in this region and provide new opportunities to study orographic cloud evolution and interactions with meteorological conditions, aerosols, surface conditions, and radiation in mountainous terrain.",
keywords = "Aerosol-cloud interaction, Aerosols/particulates, Aircraft observations, Atmospheric, Boundary layer, Clouds, Complex terrain, Convective clouds, Convective storms, Convective-scale processes, Cumulus clouds, Deep convection, Diurnal effects, Drizzle, Extreme events, Field experiments, Fog, Hail, In situ atmospheric observations, Instability, Instrumentation/sensors, Lidars/Lidar observations, Longwave radiation, Measurements, Mesoscale processes, Mesoscale systems, Microwave observations, Mountain meteorology, Orographic effects, Precipitation, Profilers, Radars/Radar observations, Radiative fluxes, Radiosonde/rawinsonde observations, Rainfall, Remote sensing, Satellite observations, Severe storms, Shortwave radiation, Soil moisture, Soil temperature, Soundings, South America, Southern Hemisphere, Storm environments, Stratiform clouds, Subseasonal variability, Supercells, Surface fluxes, Surface observations, Thunderstorms, Topographic effects, Valley/mountain flows, Wind profilers, Wind shear",
author = "Varble, {Adam C.} and Nesbitt, {Stephen W.} and Paola Salio and Hardin, {Joseph C.} and Nitin Bharadwaj and Paloma Borque and DeMott, {Paul J.} and Zhe Feng and Hill, {Thomas C.J.} and Marquis, {James N.} and Alyssa Matthews and Fan Mei and Rusen {\"O}ktem and Vagner Castro and Lexie Goldberger and Alexis Hunzinger and Barry, {Kevin R.} and Kreidenweis, {Sonia M.} and McFarquhar, {Greg M.} and McMurdie, {Lynn A.} and Mikhail Pekour and Heath Powers and Romps, {David M.} and Celeste Saulo and Beat Schmid and Tomlinson, {Jason M.} and {van den Heever}, {Susan C.} and Alla Zelenyuk and Zhixiao Zhang and Zipser, {Edward J.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the U.S. DOE ARM program for funding CACTI and many other agencies and individuals for their invaluable support including ARM managers, engineers, technicians, instrument and data mentors, the ARM Data Center, and other support staff. We thank the following individuals for their significant contributions to CACTI: Kim Nitschke, Juarez Viegas, Bruno Cunha, Tercio Silva, Kaitlyn Suski, Stephen Springston, Art Sedlacek, Mike Hubbell, Dan Nelson, Mike Crocker, Pete Carroll, Matt Newburn, Albert Mendoza, Clayton Eveland, Jon Ray, Jennifer Armstrong, Andrei Lindenmaier, Pete Argay, Todd Houchins, Brad Isom, Jennifer Comstock, Hanna Goss, Conrado Javier Rodriguez, Emilia Ludue{\~n}a, Julio Bourdin, Mariano Palermo, Gustavo Cabrera, and Martin Rugna. Several individuals including Eldo Avila, David Gochis, Robert Houze, Jr., Michael Jensen, Pavlos Kollias, L. Ruby Leung, Kristen Rasmussen, and Christopher Williams contributed to pre-campaign planning. We thank RELAMPAGO PIs, graduate students, and support provided by NSF and NCAR EOL. We greatly appreciate INVAP S.E. for providing in-country project management. We are grateful to SMN for major in-country support, launching radiosondes and providing forecasting support. Siting and import/export of instrumentation was critically facilitated by AMF1 site landowner Eduardo Castro, the Villa Yacanto city council, Hamelmann Communications, the C{\'o}rdoba provincial government (Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Water, Environment and Public Services), the national government of Argentina (Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Worship), the U.S. Embassy in Argentina, Fuerza A{\'e}rea Argentina, Administraci{\'o}n Nacional de Aviaci{\'o}n Civil, and Aeropuertos Argentina 2000. Forecasting was additionally supported by the University of Buenos Aires, University of Illinois, CSU and University of Washington. Computing support was provided by the Compute and Data Environment for Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of Utah Center for High Performance Computing, and the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at NCAR. Funding was provided by the U.S. DOE Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Atmospheric System Research program and NSF Grants AGS-1661662, AGS-1661799, and AGS-1661707. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830. Last, we thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. Funding Information: Acknowledgments. We thank the U.S. DOE ARM program for funding CACTI and many other agencies and individuals for their invaluable support including ARM managers, engineers, technicians, instrument and data mentors, the ARM Data Center, and other support staff. We thank the following individuals for their significant contributions to CACTI: Kim Nitschke, Juarez Viegas, Bruno Cunha, Tercio Silva, Kaitlyn Suski, Stephen Springston, Art Sedlacek, Mike Hubbell, Dan Nelson, Mike Crocker, Pete Carroll, Matt Newburn, Albert Mendoza, Clayton Eveland, Jon Ray, Jennifer Armstrong, Andrei Lindenmaier, Pete Argay, Todd Houchins, Brad Isom, Jennifer Comstock, Hanna Goss, Conrado Javier Rodriguez, Emilia Ludue{\~n}a, Julio Bourdin, Mariano Palermo, Gustavo Cabrera, and Martin Rugna. Several individuals including Eldo Avila, David Gochis, Robert Houze, Jr., Michael Jensen, Pavlos Kollias, L. Ruby Leung, Kristen Rasmussen, and Christopher Williams contributed to pre-campaign planning. We thank RELAMPAGO PIs, graduate students, and support provided by NSF and NCAR EOL. We greatly appreciate INVAP S.E. for providing in-country project management. We are grateful to SMN for major in-country support, launching radiosondes and providing forecasting support. Siting and import/export of instrumentation was critically facilitated by AMF1 site landowner Eduardo Castro, the Villa Yacanto city council, Hamelmann Communications, the C{\'o}rdoba provincial government (Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Water, Environment and Public Services), the national government of Argentina (Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Worship), the U.S. Embassy in Argentina, Fuerza A{\'e}rea Argentina, Administraci{\'o}n Nacional de Aviaci{\'o}n Civil, and Aeropuertos Argentina 2000. Forecasting was additionally supported by the University of Buenos Aires, University of Illinois, CSU and University of Washington. Computing support was provided by the Compute and Data Environment for Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of Utah Center for High Performance Computing, and the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at NCAR. Funding was provided by the U.S. DOE Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Atmospheric System Research program and NSF Grants AGS-1661662, AGS-1661799, and AGS-1661707. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830. Last, we thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Meteorological Society",
year = "2021",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0030.1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "102",
pages = "E1597--E1620",
journal = "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",
issn = "0003-0007",
publisher = "American Meteorological Society",
number = "8",
}