Two-stage optimization for aerocapture guidance

This paper proposes a two-stage optimization approach for aerocapture guidance. In classical entry guidance systems, deterministic optimization is used. Large-scale and shortscale density perturbations may strongly affect the performance of the guidance system, and variations in those are usually not accounted for when computing the command. In this work, perturbations that affect the trajectory at future time-steps are taken into consideration when computing the commanded bank angle. The chosen command is optimal based on a set of possible future perturbations, after the observation of which, a correction can be made. Both two-stage stochastic and two-stage robust optimization are proposed as a solution. In a Monte Carlo analysis consisting of 50 runs, the two-stage robust optimization guidance outperforms an optimal, deterministic, numeric predictor-corrector guidance. Excluding one outlier, also the two-stage stochastic optimization makes the guidance perform better than an optimal deterministic numeric predictor-corrector. With either approach, the computational demands are increased by about thirty times compared to an optimal numeric predictor-corrector. Much of the computation time increase may be reduced by parallelization. On the other hand, the extensive tuning required for the optimal numeric predictor-corrector is not needed for the twostage optimization guidance, making this approach conceptually more robust. Better modeling of the environment may help further improve the performance. Finally, an approximation to the two-stage robust optimization approach is developed. The guidance has computational requirements only four times larger than those of the optimal numeric predictor-corrector guidance, but can be parallelized into two threads, and, except for two outliers, it offers improved performance.