Trends and Outcomes of Restenosis After Coronary Stent Implantation in the United States

Background: There is a paucity of data on the burden of in-stent restenosis (ISR) in the United States as well as on its presentation and appropriate treatment strategies. Objectives: This study aims to provide an analysis of the temporal trends, clinical presentation, treatment strategies, and in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ISR in the United States. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of data collected in the Diagnostic Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CathPCI) registry of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) between 2009 and 2017. Of the total patients undergoing PCI, we identified those undergoing PCI for ISR lesions. For comparison of in-hospital outcomes, propensity-score matching was employed. Results: Among the 5,100,394 patients undergoing PCI, 10.6% of patients underwent PCI for ISR lesions. Patients with bare-metal stent ISR declined from 2.6% in 2009 Q3 to 0.9% in 2017 Q2 (p < 0.001), and drug-eluting stent ISR rose from 5.4% in 2009 Q3 to 6.3% in 2017 Q2 (p < 0.001). Patients with ISR PCI were less likely to present with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (18.7% vs. 22.5%; p < 0.001) or ST-segment elevation MI (8.5% vs. 15.7%; p < 0.001). In the propensity-matched population of patients, there were no significant differences between patients with ISR and non-ISR PCI for in-hospital complications and hospital length of stay. Conclusions: ISR represents approximately 10% of all PCI and is treated most commonly with another stent. Approximately 25% of patients present with acute MI. In-hospital outcomes of patients with ISR PCI are comparable with those undergoing non-ISR PCI.