Abstract
In many real-world settings, machine learning models need to identify user inputs that are out-of-domain (OOD) so as to avoid performing wrong actions. This work focuses on a challenging case of OOD detection, where no labels for in-domain data are accessible (e.g., no intent labels for the intent classification task). To this end, we first evaluate different language model based approaches that predict likelihood for a sequence of tokens. Furthermore, we propose a novel representation learning based method by combining unsupervised clustering and contrastive learning so that better data representations for OOD detection can be learned. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that this method can significantly outperform likelihood-based methods and can be even competitive to the state-of-the-art supervised approaches with label information.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1386-1395 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing |
Volume | 30 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2022 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- natural language processing
- Out-of-domain detection
- unsupervised representation learning
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computer Science (miscellaneous)
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics
- Computational Mathematics
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering