@article{62a219f29491429a803486684901aa9b,
title = "TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion",
abstract = "We confirm TOI-4201 b as a transiting Jovian-mass planet orbiting an early M dwarf discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Using ground-based photometry and precise radial velocities from NEID and the Planet Finder Spectrograph, we measure a planet mass of 2.59 − 0.06 + 0.07 M J, making this one of the most massive planets transiting an M dwarf. The planet is ∼0.4\% of the mass of its 0.63 M ⊙ host and may have a heavy-element mass comparable to the total dust mass contained in a typical class II disk. TOI-4201 b stretches our understanding of core accretion during the protoplanetary phase and the disk mass budget, necessitating giant planet formation to take place either much earlier in the disk lifetime or perhaps through alternative mechanisms like gravitational instability.",
author = "Megan Delamer and Shubham Kanodia and Ca{\~n}as, \{Caleb I.\} and Simon M{\"u}ller and Ravit Helled and Lin, \{Andrea S.J.\} and Libby-Roberts, \{Jessica E.\} and Gupta, \{Arvind F.\} and Suvrath Mahadevan and Johanna Teske and Butler, \{R. Paul\} and Yee, \{Samuel W.\} and Crane, \{Jeffrey D.\} and Stephen Shectman and David Osip and Yuri Beletsky and Andrew Monson and Leslie Hebb and Powers, \{Luke C.\} and Wisniewski, \{John P.\} and Alvarado-Montes, \{Jaime A.\} and Bender, \{Chad F.\} and Jiayin Dong and Te Han and Ninan, \{Joe P.\} and Paul Robertson and Arpita Roy and Christian Schwab and Gu{\d}mundur Stef{\'a}nsson and Wright, \{Jason T.\}",
note = "Some of the observations in this paper were obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48 inch and the 60 inch telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the ZTF project. ZTF is supported by the NSF under grant No. AST-2034437 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Trinity College Dublin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, and IN2P3, France. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. C.I.C. acknowledges support by NASA Headquarters through an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by USRA through a contract with NASA. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet and Stellar Speckle Imager (NESSI). NESSI was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and the NASA Ames Research Center. NESSI was built at the Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. This work includes data collected by the TESS mission, which are publicly available from MAST (doi: 10.17909/474x-t972) . Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Science Mission directorate. The Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds is supported by the Pennsylvania State University, the Eberly College of Science, and the Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia ( https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia ), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium ). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. We acknowledge support from NSF grants AST-1909506 and AST-1907622 and the Research Corporation for precision photometric observations with diffuser-assisted photometry. Data presented herein were obtained at the WIYN Observatory from telescope time allocated to NN-EXPLORE through the scientific partnership of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and NOIRLab. This work was supported by a NASA WIYN PI Data Award, administered by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. These results are based on observations obtained with NEID on the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at KPNO, NSF{\textquoteright}s NOIRLab under proposal 2022B-785506 (PI: S. Kanodia), managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. This work was performed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the United States Government under prime contract 80NM0018D0004 between Caltech and NASA. This research made use of (i) the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by Caltech, under contract with NASA under the Exoplanet Exploration Program; (ii) the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France; (iii) NASA{\textquoteright}s Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services; and (iv) data from 2MASS, a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and IPAC at Caltech, funded by NASA and the NSF.",
year = "2024",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3847/2041-8213/ad1a19",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "962",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal Letters",
issn = "2041-8205",
publisher = "American Astronomical Society",
number = "2",
}