@article{10b977016f974d1db5530a9f6795004d,
title = "The transmission of phocine herpesvirus-1 in rehabilitating and free-ranging Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in California",
abstract = "Phocine herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) causes regular outbreaks of disease in neonatal harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at rehabilitation centers in Europe and in the U.S. To investigate transmission of this virus samples were collected from harbor seal pups during exposure studies at a Californian rehabilitation center from 1999 to 2002 and from free-ranging harbor seals off central California during the same period. The exposure studies provided evidence that PhHV-1 can be transmitted horizontally between animals most likely through direct contact with oro-nasal secretions. However vertical transmission may also occur, as adult female harbor seals were found to be shedding the virus in vaginal and nasal secretions, and premature newborn pups had evidence of early infection. Results also indicated that PhHV-1 infections were common in both free-ranging (40%, 49/121) and rehabilitating (54%, 46/85) young harbor seals, during the spring and early summer. This timing, which correlated with pupping and weaning, suggested that the majority of animals were infected and infective with PhHV-1 between pupping and breeding.",
keywords = "ELISA, Harbor seal, PCR, Phoca vitulina, Phocine herpesvirus, Viral transmission",
author = "Tracey Goldstein and Mazet, {Jonna A.K.} and Gulland, {Frances M.D.} and Teri Rowles and Harvey, {James T.} and Allen, {Sarah G.} and King, {Donald P.} and Aldridge, {Brian M.} and Stott, {Jeffrey L.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to Bob Nordhausen for performing the electron microscopy and also to all of the agencies and individuals who helped with field operations including M. Lander, D. Greig, S. Oates, M. Haulena, the staff and volunteers at The Marine Mammal Center, students and volunteers of the Bird and Mammal Lab at Moss Landing Marine Laboratory and Long Marine Laboratory at University of California, Santa Cruz, and the staff and volunteers from Point Reyes National Seashores, National Park Service. We also thank Dr. S.W. Evans (Leeds University, UK) for providing the anti-phocid IgG monoclonal antibody (H49a) used in this study. The research was supported with funds from the U.S. Office of Protected Resources (National Marine Fisheries Service), The Marine Mammal Center and the California Department of Fish and Game's Oil Spill Response Trust Fund through the Oiled Wildlife Care Network at the Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. This work was authorized under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act by Scientific Research Permit Nos. 932-1489-00, 974 and 373-1575.",
year = "2004",
month = nov,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.017",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "103",
pages = "131--141",
journal = "Veterinary Microbiology",
issn = "0378-1135",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
number = "3-4",
}