TY - JOUR
T1 - The social lives of married women
T2 - Peer effects in female autonomy and investments in children
AU - Kandpal, Eeshani
AU - Baylis, Kathy
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank Jishnu Das and Yusuke Kuwayama for extensive feedback at several stages of this work. We are grateful to Mary Arends-Kuenning, Kathleen Beegle, Leo Burzstyn, Alain de Janvry, Quy-Toan Do, Francisco Ferreira, Jed Friedman, Susan Godlonton, Markus Goldstein, Karla Hoff, Angelo Mele, Annamaria Milazzo, Nolan Miller, Carl Nelson, Berk Özler, Espen Beer Prydz, Gil Shapira, Parvati Singh, Thomas Walker, and participants at the World Bank Applied Micro Research and IFPRI-3ie seminars, and the NEUDC 2010, AAEA 2010, PAA 2011, MEA 2011, and AEA 2012 conferences for their comments. Our sincere thanks to Sumita Kandpal and the program officials of Mahila Samakhya, Uttarakhand; Geeta Gairola, Basanti Pathak, and Preeti Thapliyal, in particular. We acknowledge financial support from the University of Illinois Research Board, the Women and Gender in Global Perspectives' Goodman Fellowship and Due Ferber International Research Award, the Survey Research Laboratory's Seymour Sudman Dissertation Award, and the College of ACES AYRE Fellowship.☆☆ The authors thank Jishnu Das and Yusuke Kuwayama for extensive feedback at several stages of this work. We are grateful to Mary Arends-Kuenning, Kathleen Beegle, Leo Burzstyn, Alain de Janvry, Quy-Toan Do, Francisco Ferreira, Jed Friedman, Susan Godlonton, Markus Goldstein, Karla Hoff, Angelo Mele, Annamaria Milazzo, Nolan Miller, Carl Nelson, Berk Özler, Espen Beer Prydz, Gil Shapira, Parvati Singh, Thomas Walker, and participants at the World Bank Applied Micro Research and IFPRI-3ie seminars, and the NEUDC 2010, AAEA 2010, PAA 2011, MEA 2011, and AEA 2012 conferences for their comments. Our sincere thanks to Sumita Kandpal and the program officials of Mahila Samakhya, Uttarakhand; Geeta Gairola, Basanti Pathak, and Preeti Thapliyal, in particular. We acknowledge financial support from the University of Illinois Research Board, the Women and Gender in Global Perspectives' Goodman Fellowship and Due Ferber International Research Award, the Survey Research Laboratory's Seymour Sudman Dissertation Award, and the College of ACES AYRE Fellowship.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019
PY - 2019/9
Y1 - 2019/9
N2 - In patriarchal societies, sticky norms affect married women's social circles, their autonomy, and the outcomes of intra-household bargaining. This paper uses primary data on women's social networks in Uttarakhand, India; the modal woman has only three friends, and over 80 percent do not have any friends of another caste. This paper examines the effect of a shock to friends' empowerment on a woman's autonomy, specifically physical mobility, access to social safety nets, and employment outside the household; perceived social norms; and an outcome of household bargaining: investments in her children. The analysis instruments for endogenous network formation using a woman's age and her caste network in the village. The key peer effect is the impact of having a friend who received an empowerment shock on a woman who did not receive that shock. The results show significant peer effects on only a few of the examined measures of women's autonomy. In contrast, peer effects exist on all considered outcomes of a daughters' diet and time spent on chores. The findings suggest a large decay rate between effects on own empowerment and peer effects. Interventions targeting child welfare through women's empowerment may generate second-order effects on intra-household decision-making, albeit with substantial decay rates, and thus benefit from targeted rather than randomized rollout. In contrast, interventions on gender roles and women's autonomy may be limited by the stickiness of social norms.
AB - In patriarchal societies, sticky norms affect married women's social circles, their autonomy, and the outcomes of intra-household bargaining. This paper uses primary data on women's social networks in Uttarakhand, India; the modal woman has only three friends, and over 80 percent do not have any friends of another caste. This paper examines the effect of a shock to friends' empowerment on a woman's autonomy, specifically physical mobility, access to social safety nets, and employment outside the household; perceived social norms; and an outcome of household bargaining: investments in her children. The analysis instruments for endogenous network formation using a woman's age and her caste network in the village. The key peer effect is the impact of having a friend who received an empowerment shock on a woman who did not receive that shock. The results show significant peer effects on only a few of the examined measures of women's autonomy. In contrast, peer effects exist on all considered outcomes of a daughters' diet and time spent on chores. The findings suggest a large decay rate between effects on own empowerment and peer effects. Interventions targeting child welfare through women's empowerment may generate second-order effects on intra-household decision-making, albeit with substantial decay rates, and thus benefit from targeted rather than randomized rollout. In contrast, interventions on gender roles and women's autonomy may be limited by the stickiness of social norms.
KW - Household decision-making
KW - India
KW - Peer effects
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85067241217&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.05.004
DO - 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.05.004
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85067241217
SN - 0304-3878
VL - 140
SP - 26
EP - 43
JO - Journal of Development Economics
JF - Journal of Development Economics
ER -