@article{536b4a21b20d493691746b9bcd49f5bf,
title = "The Primary Convective Pathway for Observed Wildfire Emissions in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere: A Targeted Reinterpretation",
abstract = "The literature—spanning several recent decades—describes numerous attempts to characterize the efficacy of cumulonimbus “Cb” convection as a pollutant pathway connecting the planetary BL to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The relatively new discovery of wildfires triggering deep convection and Cb formation, referred to as pyrocumulonimbus “pyroCb,” has provided a new convective candidate for examination. Previous studies have shown that the pyroCb pathway offers a reinterpretation of supposed volcanic aerosol layers observed in the stratosphere. The community now questions whether this relatively unappreciated phenomenon has been overlooked or imprecisely characterized in published analyses of observed UTLS biomass burning constituents attributed to traditional convection, such as individual Cbs or larger mesoscale convective systems. Here we show that on at least two occasions, a reinterpretation of the literature is required. Both are in the context of coordinated measurement campaigns in summertime Central and North American domains. We provide a strategic review of prior studies and explore three selected works, wherein the pyroCb naturally explains observations of dramatically strong, remote, and high-altitude biomass burning pollution. We complete our discussion with the implications for including the pyroCb phenomenon in case studies and assessments of the primary convective pathway for smoke particles to enter the UTLS.",
keywords = "aerosol, cloud, convection, cumulonimbus",
author = "Michael Fromm and David Peterson and {Di Girolamo}, Larry",
note = ", and Guangyu Zhao for his help in Figure . Huntsville lidar data, obtained from supporting information M. F. acknowledges in‐depth discussions regarding CRYSTAL‐FACE data with David Knapp and Eric Ray. We are indebted to Jeff Reid for his engagement with us regarding his original analysis/interpretation of the 2013 cases. We thank Christopher Camacho (CSRA) for providing GOES imagery and Ren{\'e} Servranckx for providing AVHRR imagery. We also thank Curtis Seaman (CIRA/Colorado State University) for help with the VIIRS image in Figure http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/ , are the product of the University of Wisconsin Lidar Group and principal investigator Ed Eloranta. Dave Larko and the Ozone Processing Team at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center are acknowledged for providing the Meteor TOMS AI map shown in the . The Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) at the University of Wisconsin is acknowledged for their pyroCb blog and online case studies ( http://pyrocb.ssec.wisc.edu/ ). CRYSTAL‐FACE WB‐57 data were acquired from https://espo.nasa.gov/crystalface/archive/browse/crystalf/WB57 . The MISR data were obtained from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center ( http://l0dup05.larc.nasa.gov/MISR/cgi‐ bin/MISR/main.cgi). The MODIS data were obtained through the Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ ). David Peterson was supported by the NASA New Investigator Program, and Larry Di Girolamo was partially supported by the MISR project through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. M. F. acknowledges in-depth discussions regarding CRYSTAL-FACE data with David Knapp and Eric Ray. We are indebted to Jeff Reid for his engagement with us regarding his original analysis/interpretation of the 2013 cases. We thank Christopher Camacho (CSRA) for providing GOES imagery and Ren? Servranckx for providing AVHRR imagery. We also thank Curtis Seaman (CIRA/Colorado State University) for help with the VIIRS image in Figure, and Guangyu Zhao for his help in Figure. Huntsville lidar data, obtained from http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/, are the product of the University of Wisconsin Lidar Group and principal investigator Ed Eloranta. Dave Larko and the Ozone Processing Team at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center are acknowledged for providing the Meteor TOMS AI map shown in the supporting information. The Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) at the University of Wisconsin is acknowledged for their pyroCb blog and online case studies (http://pyrocb.ssec.wisc.edu/). CRYSTAL-FACE WB-57 data were acquired from https://espo.nasa.gov/crystalface/archive/browse/crystalf/WB57. The MISR data were obtained from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center (http://l0dup05.larc.nasa.gov/MISR/cgi- bin/MISR/main.cgi). The MODIS data were obtained through the Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/). David Peterson was supported by the NASA New Investigator Program, and Larry Di Girolamo was partially supported by the MISR project through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology.",
year = "2019",
month = dec,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2019JD031006",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "124",
pages = "13254--13272",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
issn = "2169-897X",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "23",
}