The next domino to fall: Empirical analysis of user passwords across online services

Leaked passwords from data breaches can pose a serious threat if users reuse or slightly modify the passwords for other services. With more services getting breached today, there is still a lack of a quantitative understanding of this risk. In this paper, we perform the first large-scale empirical analysis of password reuse and modification patterns using a ground-truth dataset of 28.8 million users and their 61.5 million passwords in 107 services over 8 years. We find that password reuse and modification is very common (observed on 52% of the users). Sensitive online services such as shopping websites and email services received the most reused and modified passwords. We also observe that users would still reuse the already-leaked passwords for other online services for years after the initial data breach. Finally, to quantify the security risks, we develop a new training-based guessing algorithm. We show that more than 16 million password pairs (including 30% of the modified passwords) can be cracked within just 10 guesses.