Abstract
An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ∼120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 735-743 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | Molecular Psychiatry |
| Volume | 20 |
| Issue number | 6 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 26 2015 |
| Externally published | Yes |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Molecular Biology
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
- Psychiatry and Mental health
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In: Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 20, No. 6, 26.06.2015, p. 735-743.
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TY - JOUR
T1 - The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ∼25 000 subjects
AU - Peyrot, W. J.
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AU - Scheftner, W. A.
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AU - Sigurdsson, E.
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AU - Smit, J. H.
AU - Stefansson, H.
AU - Steffens, M.
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AU - Tozzi, F.
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AU - Agrawal, Arpana
AU - Albrecht, Eva
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AU - Amin, Najaf
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AU - Bandinelli, Stefania
AU - Barnard, John
AU - Bastardot, Franois
AU - E Baumeister, Sebastian
AU - Beauchamp, Jonathan
AU - Benjamin, Daniel J.
AU - Benke, Kelly S.
AU - Bennett, David A.
AU - Berger, Klaus
AU - Bielak, Lawrence F.
AU - Bierut, Laura J.
AU - Boatman, Jeffrey A.
AU - Boyle, Patricia A.
AU - Bültmann, Ute
AU - Campbell, Harry
AU - Cesarini, David
AU - Chabris, Christopher F.
AU - Cherkas, Lynn
AU - Chung, Mina K.
AU - Conley, Dalton
AU - Cucca, Francesco
AU - Davey-Smith, George
AU - Davies, Gail
AU - De Andrade, Mariza
AU - De Jager, Philip L.
AU - De Leeuw, Christiaan
AU - De Neve, Jan Emmanuel
AU - Deary, Ian J.
AU - Dedoussis, George V.
AU - Deloukas, Panos
AU - Derringer, Jaime
AU - Dimitriou, Maria
AU - Eiriksdottir, Gudny
AU - Eklund, Niina
AU - Elderson, Martin F.
AU - Eriksson, Johan G.
AU - Evans, Daniel S.
AU - Evans, David M.
AU - Faul, Jessica D.
AU - Fehrmann, Rudolf
AU - Ferrucci, Luigi
AU - Fischer, Krista
AU - Franke, Lude
AU - Garcia, Melissa E.
AU - Gieger, Christian
AU - Gjessing, Hkon K.
AU - Groenen, Patrick J.F.
AU - Grönberg, Henrik
AU - Gudnason, Vilmundur
AU - Hägg, Sara
AU - Hall, Per
AU - Harris, Jennifer R.
AU - Harris, Juliette M.
AU - Harris, Tamara B.
AU - Hastie, Nicholas D.
AU - Hayward, Caroline
AU - Hernandez, Dena G.
AU - Hoffmann, Wolgang
AU - Hofman, Adriaan
AU - Hofman, Albert
AU - Holle, Rolf
AU - Holliday, Elizabeth G.
AU - Holzapfel, Christina
AU - Iacono, William G.
AU - Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A.
AU - Illig, Thomas
AU - Ingelsson, Erik
AU - Jacobsson, Bo
AU - Järvelin, Marjo Riitta
AU - Jhun, Min A.
AU - Johannesson, Magnus
AU - Joshi, Peter K.
AU - Jugessur, Astanand
AU - Kaakinen, Marika
AU - Kähönen, Mika
AU - Kanoni, Stavroula
AU - Kaprio, Jaakkko
AU - Kardia, Sharon L.R.
AU - Karjalainen, Juha
AU - Kirkpatrick, Robert M.
AU - Koellinger, Philipp D.
AU - Kolcic, Ivana
AU - Kowgier, Matthew
AU - Kristiansson, Kati
AU - Krueger, Robert F.
AU - Kutalik, Zóltan
AU - Lahti, Jari
AU - Laibson, David
AU - Latvala, Antti
AU - Launer, Lenore J.
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AU - Martin, Nicolas W.
AU - Masala, Marco
AU - McGue, Matt
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AU - Meyer, Michelle N.
AU - Mielck, Andreas
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AU - Montgomery, Grant W.
AU - Mukherjee, Sutapa
AU - Myhre, Ronny
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AU - Oostra, Ben A.
AU - Palmer, Lyle J.
AU - Palotie, Aarno
AU - Perola, Markus
AU - Petrovic, Katja E.
AU - Peyser, Patricia A.
AU - Polašek, Ozren
AU - Posthuma, Danielle
AU - Preisig, Martin
AU - Quaye, Lydia
AU - Räikkönen, Katri
AU - Raitakari, Olli T.
AU - Realo, Anu
AU - Reinmaa, Eva
AU - Rice, John P.
AU - Ring, Susan M.
AU - Ripatti, Samuli
AU - Rivadeneira, Fernando
AU - Rizzi, Thais S.
AU - Rudan, Igor
AU - Rustichini, Aldo
AU - Salomaa, Veikko
AU - Sarin, Antti Pekka
AU - Schlessinger, David
AU - Schmidt, Helena
AU - Schmidt, Reinhold
AU - Scott, Rodney J.
AU - Shakhbazov, Konstantin
AU - Smith, Albert V.
AU - Smith, Jennifer A.
AU - Snieder, Harold
AU - St Pourcain, Beate
AU - Starr, John M.
AU - Sul, Jae Hoon
AU - Surakka, Ida
AU - Svento, Rauli
AU - Tanaka, Toshiko
AU - Terracciano, Antonio
AU - Teumer, Alexander
AU - Thurik, A. Roy
AU - Tiemeier, Henning
AU - Timpson, Nicholas J.
AU - Uitterlinden, André G.
AU - Van Der Loos, Matthijs J.H.M.
AU - Van Duijn, Cornelia M.
AU - Van Rooij, Frank J.A.
AU - Van Wagoner, David R.
AU - Vartiainen, Erkki
AU - Viikari, Jorma
AU - Visscher, Peter M.
AU - Vitart, Veronique
AU - Vollenweider, Peter K.
AU - Völzke, Henry
AU - Vonk, Judith M.
AU - Waeber, Gérard
AU - Weir, David R.
AU - Wellmann, Jürgen
AU - Westra, Harm Jan
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N1 - NRW and SHL supported by the Australian Research Council (FT0991360 and DE130100614) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (613608, 1011506 and 1047956). The PGC is supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant U01 MH085520. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (see Web Resources), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization. The Bonn/Mannheim (BoMa) GWAS was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, within the context of the National Genome Research Network 2 (NGFN2), the National Genome Research Network plus (NGFNplus) and the Integrated Genome Research Network (IG) MooDS (Grant 01GS08144 to S Cichon and MMN, and Grant 01GS08147 to MR). The work at deCODE was funded by European Union Grants LSHM-CT-2006-037761 (Project SGENE), PIAP-GA-2008-218251 (Project PsychGene) and HEALTH-F2-2009-223423 (Project PsychCNVs). GenPod was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK) and supported by the Mental Health Research Network. Genotyping of the GenPod sample was funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement number 115008 (NEWMEDS). The GenRED GWAS project was supported by NIMH R01 Grants MH061686 (to DFL), MH059542 (to WHC), MH075131 (to WBL), MH059552 (to JBP), MH059541 (to WAS) and MH060912 (to MMW). We acknowledge the contributions of Dr George S Zubenko and Dr Wendy N Zubenko, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, to the GenRED I project. The NIMH Cell Repository at Rutgers University and the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies on Mental Disorders made essential contributions to this project. Genotyping was carried out by the Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis with support from Grant U54 RR020278 (which partially subsidized the genotyping of the GenRED cases). Collection and quality control analyses of the control data set were supported by grants from NIMH and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression. We are grateful to Knowledge Networks (Menlo Park, CA, USA) for assistance in collecting the control data set. We express our profound appreciation to the families who participated in this project, and to the many clinicians who facilitated the referral of participants to the study. The Depression Genes and Networks ARRA grant was funded by RC2MH089916. Funding for the Harvard i2b2 sample was provided by a subcontract to RH Perlis and JW Smoller as part of the i2b2 Center (Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside), an NIH-funded National Center for Biomedical Computing based at Partners HealthCare System (U54LM008748, PI: IS Kohane), and by an NIMH Grant (to RH Perlis; MH086026). Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry MARS study was supported by the BMBF Program Molecular Diagnostics: Validation of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Outcome in Major Depression (01ES0811). Genotyping was supported by the Bavarian Ministry of Commerce, and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the National Genome Research Network (NGFN2 and NGFN-Plus, FKZ 01GS0481 and 01GS08145). The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) contributed to GAIN-MDD and to MDD2000. This study was funded by: the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (MagW/ZonMW Grants 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, 912-100-20; Spinozapremie 56-464-14192; Geestkracht program Grant 10-000-1002); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, VU University's Institutes for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, NBIC/ BioAssist/RK (2008.024); the European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013); ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); and the European Science Council (ERC, 230374). Genotyping was funded, in part, by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health, and analysis was supported by grants from GAIN and the NIMH (MH081802). The PsyCoLaus study was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (nos. 3200B0-105993, 3200B0-118\u2032308, 33CSC0-122661) and from GlaxoSmithKline (Psychiatry Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery and Genetics Division, Drug Discovery\u2014 Verona, R&D). We express our gratitude to the Lausanne inhabitants who volunteered to participate in the PsyCoLaus study. We also thank V Mooser, G Weaber and P Vollenweider who initiated the CoLaus project. Funding for the QIMR samples was provided by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389927, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496675, 496739, 552485, 552498, 613602, 613608, 613674, 619667), the Australian Research Council (FT0991360, FT0991022), the FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project (QLG2-CT-2002-01254) and the US National Institutes of Health (AA07535, AA10248, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, MH66206, DA12854, DA019951), and the Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD, USA). We thank the twins and their families registered at the Australian Twin Registry for their participation in the many studies that have contributed to this research. RADIANT was funded by: a joint grant from the UK Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline (G0701420); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; and the UK Medical Research Council (G0000647). The GENDEP study was funded by a European Commission Framework 6 grant, EC Contract Ref.: LSHB-CT-2003-503428. SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the \u2018Center of Knowledge Interchange\u2019 program of the Siemens AG. SHIP-LEGEND is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG: GR 1912/5-1). Genotyping of STAR*D was supported by an NIMH Grant to SP Hamilton (MH072802). STAR*D was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (Contract No. N01MH90003) to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas (AJ Rush, principal investigator). The TwinGene study was supported by the Swedish Ministry for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112), GenomEUtwin (EU/QLRT-2001-01254; QLG2-CT-2002-01254), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the US National Institutes of Health (U01 DK066134). This study makes use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case\u2013Control Consortium. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under awards 076113 and 085475. EGCUT received financing from FP7 Grant 313010 and from European Regional Development Fund, road map Grant No. 3.2.0304.11-0312 and grant 'Center of Excellence in Genomics' (EXCEGEN). EGCUT studies were covered also by targeted financing from Estonian Government (IUT24-6, IUT20-60) and CTG grant (SP1GVAR-ENG) from Development Fund of the University of Tartu. We acknowledge EGCUT technical personnel, especially Mr V Soo and S Smit and Mari-Liis Tammesoo. EMB is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Early Career Fellowship Scheme.
PY - 2015/6/26
Y1 - 2015/6/26
N2 - An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ∼120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.
AB - An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ∼120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84930226539&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84930226539&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/mp.2015.50
DO - 10.1038/mp.2015.50
M3 - Article
C2 - 25917368
AN - SCOPUS:84930226539
SN - 1359-4184
VL - 20
SP - 735
EP - 743
JO - Molecular Psychiatry
JF - Molecular Psychiatry
IS - 6
ER -