TY - JOUR
T1 - Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia
AU - Borkenhagen, Laura K.
AU - Mallinson, Kerry A.
AU - Tsao, Rick W.
AU - Ha, Siaw Jing
AU - Lim, Wei Honn
AU - Toh, Teck Hock
AU - Anderson, Benjamin D.
AU - Fieldhouse, Jane K.
AU - Philo, Sarah E.
AU - Chong, Kuek Sen
AU - Lindsley, William G.
AU - Ramirez, Alejandro
AU - Lowe, James F.
AU - Coleman, Kristen K.
AU - Gray, Gregory C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by Professor Gray’s Duke Global Health Institute discretionary funding, as well as funding from the Duke Global Health Institute graduate program and Duke’s Bass Connections program. We thank the Director General of Health, Malaysia for his permission to publish this paper. This study was supported by Professor Gray’s Duke Global Health Institute discretionary funding, as well as funding from the Duke Global Health Institute graduate program and Duke’s Bass Connections program. We thank all of the staff at the Clinical Research Center at Sibu Hospital, especially Kamilah Binti Dahian and Jimi Bin Jipri, and the Duke One Health team who supported this research. We thank Dr. Kiong-Kheng Wong, Head of Divisional Veterinary Office in Sibu and Kapit, for providing technical advice in the design of this study. A special thanks is due to SEGi University in Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia for providing a lab space for this study. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Publisher Copyright:
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
PY - 2018/7
Y1 - 2018/7
N2 - Background The large livestock operations and dense human population of Southeast Asia are considered a hot-spot for emerging viruses. Objectives To determine if the pathogens adenovirus (ADV), coronavirus (CoV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A-D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and porcine rotaviruses A and C (RVA and RVC), are aerosolized at the animal-interface, and if humans working in these environments are carrying these viruses in their nasal airways. Study This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. Results In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. In addition, one or more bioaerosol or pig samples were positive for EV, IAV, and RVC, and one or more worker samples were positive for ADV, CoV, IBV, and IDV. Conclusions This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection.
AB - Background The large livestock operations and dense human population of Southeast Asia are considered a hot-spot for emerging viruses. Objectives To determine if the pathogens adenovirus (ADV), coronavirus (CoV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A-D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and porcine rotaviruses A and C (RVA and RVC), are aerosolized at the animal-interface, and if humans working in these environments are carrying these viruses in their nasal airways. Study This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. Results In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. In addition, one or more bioaerosol or pig samples were positive for EV, IAV, and RVC, and one or more worker samples were positive for ADV, CoV, IBV, and IDV. Conclusions This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85051714898&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85051714898&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0201295
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0201295
M3 - Article
C2 - 30052648
AN - SCOPUS:85051714898
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 13
JO - PloS one
JF - PloS one
IS - 7
M1 - e0201295
ER -