Supersonic retropropulsion on robotic Mars landers: Selected design trades

Many concepts for future robotic Mars lander missions require landing heavier payloads than those landed to date. Mars lander architectures to date have relied on a parachute to help slow the lander; however, the effectiveness of a parachute in the thin Martian atmosphere is diminished with heavier payloads unless the diameter of the parachute is increased or it is deployed at a higher Mach number, both of which are significant technical challenges. In addition, the parachute can be successfully deployed only within a specific Mach number and dynamic pressure range. Targeting the entry trajectory to hit this “Mach-Q box” imposes constraints on the entry ballistic coefficient, limiting it to ~ 150-200 kg/m^2. Eliminating the parachute from the design requires descent engine ignition at supersonic speeds (Supersonic Retropropulsion, or SRP). SRP increases the propellant requirement, but also allows entry ballistic coefficients of ~600 kg/m^2 or more, with the consequence of significantly increased entry mass and landed payload mass.