Stokeswaves with vorticity

The existence of periodic waves propagating downstream on the surface of a two-dimensional infinitely deep body of water under the force of gravity is established for a general class of vorticities. When reformulated as an elliptic boundary value problem in a fixed semi-infinite cylinder with a parameter, the operator describing the problem is nonlinear and non-Fredholm. A global connected set of nontrivial solutions is obtained via singular theory of bifurcation. The proof combines a generalized degree theory, global bifurcation theory, and Whyburn's lemma in topology with the Schauder theory for elliptic problems and the maximum principle.