TY - JOUR
T1 - Solvent-free enzymatic esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol for biodiesel application
T2 - Optimized using the Taguchi experimental method
AU - Singh, Ramkrishna
AU - Dien, Bruce S.
AU - Singh, Vijay
N1 - Funding Information:
This work is funded by the DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under Award Number DE‐SC0018420). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy. Dr. Dien is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Funding Information:
This work is funded by the DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under Award Number DE-SC0018420). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy. Dr. Dien is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of AOCS.
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Presence of free fatty acids along with glycerides poses a technical difficulty for biodiesel production. This work used a Taguchi L9 design to optimize the solvent-free enzymatic process to result in the esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. Under optimal conditions the esterification reaction temperature of 60°C, enzyme dose of 5 wt%, glycerol: oleic acid molar ratio of 5:1, and reaction time of 3 h, a 75.235 ± 2.19% conversion of oleic acid to esters was achieved. With the addition of molecular sieves, the conversion increased to 86.73% ± 1.09%. However, using the parameters predicted by Taguchi design (60°C, 5 wt%, 5:1, and 4.5 h), 88.5% ± 1.11% of oleic acid could be converted to esters derivative. Diglycerides were the major product, and the reaction equilibrium was attained after 4 h. The immobilized enzyme could be used up to seven times with only a 10% reduction in the conversion. Thus, the process can efficiently reduce the free fatty acid content of oil to make it suitable for biodiesel production.
AB - Presence of free fatty acids along with glycerides poses a technical difficulty for biodiesel production. This work used a Taguchi L9 design to optimize the solvent-free enzymatic process to result in the esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. Under optimal conditions the esterification reaction temperature of 60°C, enzyme dose of 5 wt%, glycerol: oleic acid molar ratio of 5:1, and reaction time of 3 h, a 75.235 ± 2.19% conversion of oleic acid to esters was achieved. With the addition of molecular sieves, the conversion increased to 86.73% ± 1.09%. However, using the parameters predicted by Taguchi design (60°C, 5 wt%, 5:1, and 4.5 h), 88.5% ± 1.11% of oleic acid could be converted to esters derivative. Diglycerides were the major product, and the reaction equilibrium was attained after 4 h. The immobilized enzyme could be used up to seven times with only a 10% reduction in the conversion. Thus, the process can efficiently reduce the free fatty acid content of oil to make it suitable for biodiesel production.
KW - biodiesel
KW - esterification
KW - fatty acids
KW - immobilized lipase
KW - Taguchi design
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U2 - 10.1002/aocs.12633
DO - 10.1002/aocs.12633
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85135194514
SN - 0003-021X
VL - 99
SP - 781
EP - 790
JO - JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
JF - JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
IS - 9
ER -