TY - JOUR
T1 - Socially optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
AU - Kontou, Eleftheria
AU - Yin, Yafeng
AU - Lin, Zhenhong
N1 - Funding Information:
The work described in this paper was partly supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation ( CNS-1239364 ) and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 71228101 ). We would also like to thank the support from Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF) . LRF helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research. Lin acknowledges U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office. The authors would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2015/8/1
Y1 - 2015/8/1
N2 - This study determines the optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that minimizes the daily cost borne by the society when using this technology. An optimization framework is developed and applied to datasets representing the US market. Results indicate that the optimal range is 16. miles with an average social cost of $3.19 per day when exclusively charging at home, compared to $3.27 per day of driving a conventional vehicle. The optimal range is found to be sensitive to the cost of battery packs and the price of gasoline. When workplace charging is available, the optimal electric driving range surprisingly increases from 16 to 22. miles, as larger batteries would allow drivers to better take advantage of the charging opportunities to achieve longer electrified travel distances, yielding social cost savings. If workplace charging is available, the optimal density is to deploy a workplace charger for every 3.66 vehicles. Moreover, the diversification of the battery size, i.e., introducing a pair and triple of electric driving ranges to the market, could further decrease the average societal cost per PHEV by 7.45% and 11.5% respectively.
AB - This study determines the optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that minimizes the daily cost borne by the society when using this technology. An optimization framework is developed and applied to datasets representing the US market. Results indicate that the optimal range is 16. miles with an average social cost of $3.19 per day when exclusively charging at home, compared to $3.27 per day of driving a conventional vehicle. The optimal range is found to be sensitive to the cost of battery packs and the price of gasoline. When workplace charging is available, the optimal electric driving range surprisingly increases from 16 to 22. miles, as larger batteries would allow drivers to better take advantage of the charging opportunities to achieve longer electrified travel distances, yielding social cost savings. If workplace charging is available, the optimal density is to deploy a workplace charger for every 3.66 vehicles. Moreover, the diversification of the battery size, i.e., introducing a pair and triple of electric driving ranges to the market, could further decrease the average societal cost per PHEV by 7.45% and 11.5% respectively.
KW - Minimum social cost
KW - Optimal all-electric driving range
KW - Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
KW - Recharging opportunities
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U2 - 10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.002
DO - 10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.002
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84937847295
SN - 1361-9209
VL - 39
SP - 114
EP - 125
JO - Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment
JF - Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment
ER -