@article{4806a72900ab4af49cb961535c45fcb6,
title = "Smart routing of electric vehicles for load balancing in smart grids",
abstract = "Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to be a major component of the smart grid. The rapid proliferation of EVs will introduce an unprecedented load on the existing electric grid due to the charging/discharging behavior of the EVs, thus motivating the need for novel approaches for routing EVs across the grid. In this paper, a novel distributed control framework based on noncooperative game theory for routing of EVs within the smart grid is proposed. The goal of this framework is to control and balance the electricity load in a distributed manner across the grid while taking into account the traffic congestion and the waiting time at charging stations. The EV routing problem is formulated as a repeated game, and it is shown that the selfish behavior of EVs will result in a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium with the price of anarchy upper bounded by the ratio of the variance of the ground load to the total number of EVs in the grid. In particular, it is shown that any achieved Nash equilibrium substantially improves the load balance across the grid. Moreover, the results are extended to capture the stochastic nature of induced ground load as well as the subjective behavior of the EV owners using the behavioral framework of prospect theory. Simulation results provide new insights on efficient energy pricing at charging stations and under realistic grid conditions.",
keywords = "Distributed control, Electric vehicles, Load balancing, Price of anarchy, Prospect theory, Selfish routing, Smart grids",
author = "Etesami, {S. Rasoul} and Walid Saad and Mandayam, {Narayan B.} and Poor, {H. Vincent}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the NSF, United States under Grants ECCS-1944403 , ECCS-1824710 , ECCS-1549881 , ECCS-1549894 , ECCE-1549900 , and IIS-1633363 , OAC-1541069 , OAC-1541105 , CMMI-1745829 . The material in this paper was partially presented at the 56th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, December 12-15, 2017, Melbourne, Australia, and is listed in [12] . This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Dario Bauso under the direction of Editor Ian R. Petersen. Funding Information: Dr. Mandayam is a co-recipient of the 2015 IEEE Communications Society Advances in Communications Award for his seminal work on power control and pricing, the 2014 IEEE Donald G. Fink Award for his IEEE Proceedings paper titled “Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile Communications” and the 2009 Fred W. Ellersick Prize from the IEEE Communications Society for his work on dynamic spectrum access models and spectrum policy. He is also a recipient of the Peter D. Cherasia Faculty Scholar Award from Rutgers University (2010), the National Science Foundation CAREER Award (1998), the Institute Silver Medal from the Indian Institute of Technology (1989) and its Distinguished Alumnus Award (2018). He is a coauthor of the books: Principles of Cognitive Radio (Cambridge University Press, 2012) and Wireless Networks: Multiuser Detection in Cross-Layer Design (Springer, 2004). He has served as an Editor for the journals IEEE Communication Letters and IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. He has also served as a guest editor of the IEEE JSAC Special Issues on Adaptive, Spectrum Agile and Cognitive Radio Networks (2007) and Game Theory in Communication Systems (2008). He is a Fellow and Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE. Funding Information: Walid Saad (S{\textquoteright}07, M{\textquoteright}10, SM{\textquoteright}15, F{\textquoteright}19) received his Ph.D degree from the University of Oslo in 2010. He is currently a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech, where he leads the Network sciEnce, Wireless, and Security (NEWS) laboratory. His research interests include wireless networks, machine learning, game theory, security, unmanned aerial vehicles, cyber–physical systems, and network science. Dr. Saad is a Fellow of the IEEE and an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. He is also the recipient of the NSF CAREER award in 2013, the AFOSR summer faculty fellowship in 2014, and the Young Investigator Award from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 2015. He was the author/co-author of nine conference best paper awards at WiOpt in 2009, ICIMP in 2010, IEEE WCNC in 2012, IEEE PIMRC in 2015, IEEE SmartGridComm in 2015, EuCNC in 2017, IEEE GLOBECOM in 2018, IFIP NTMS in 2019, and IEEE ICC in 2020. He is the recipient of the 2015 Fred W. Ellersick Prize from the IEEE Communications Society, of the 2017 IEEE ComSoc Best Young Professional in Academia award, of the 2018 IEEE ComSoc Radio Communications Committee Early Achievement Award, and of the 2019 IEEE ComSoc Communication Theory Technical Committee. From 2015–2017, Dr. Saad was named the Stephen O. Lane Junior Faculty Fellow at Virginia Tech and, in 2017, he was named College of Engineering Faculty Fellow. He received the Dean{\textquoteright}s award for Research Excellence from Virginia Tech in 2019. He currently serves as an editor for the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, and IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking. He is an Editor-at-Large for the IEEE Transactions on Communications. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1016/j.automatica.2020.109148",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "120",
journal = "Automatica",
issn = "0005-1098",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}