@article{9c222abb092744c6b079be6701068926,
title = "School attendance, child labor and local labor market fluctuations in Urban Brazil",
abstract = "While the income (poverty) effect on child labor is long established as a main determinant of child labor, there is a growing body of literature considering the pull of the labor market. This paper demonstrates that after controlling for household characteristics, employment rates for 14-16 year old boys and girls in urban Brazil increase as local labor market opportunities improve. Children are also more likely to leave school as local labor market conditions become more favorable. The relationship between children's schooling and work and local labor market conditions changes in years of crisis compared to other years. The effects of macroeconomic fluctuations on children's school and work behavior are examined with particular focus on whether the income effect or substitution effect dominates as macroeconomic conditions change over time. The study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional Amostra de Domicilios, a large household survey that is conducted almost annually by the IBGE. We use variation in the urban areas of 25 states over 12 years to identify the aggregate effects.",
keywords = "Consumption smoothing, Nutritional status, Shocks, Social capital, South Africa",
author = "Suzanne Duryea and Mary Arends-Kuenning",
note = "The authors wish to thank Emmanuel Skoufias, Guilherme Sedlacek, Mark Thomas, Francisco Ferreira, and Emily Gustafsson-Wright for insightful comments. This document reflects the opinions of the authors and does not represent the opinions of the Inter-American Development Bank or its Board of Directors. This paper was prepared for the conference “Crises and Disasters: Measurement and Mitigation of their Human Costs” organized by the IDB and IFPRI. Early stages of the data analysis were supported by NICHD grant C035799 with travel financed by the Hewlett Foundation and the IADB. This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture, under project no. ILLU-05-0310. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the US Department of Agriculture. Policy-makers in international organizations like the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank and in national governments have responded to the crises by advocating social safety net programs ( Hicks & Wodon, 2001 ; Lustig, 2000 ). Ensuring that poor children can continue to attend school is a high priority in these programs. Indonesia enacted the Scholarships and Grants Program in 1998, funded by loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank ( Jones & Hagul, 2001 ). Programs that pay poor children to attend school such as Bolsa Escola in Brazil, Oportunidades in Mexico and Programa de Asignci{\'o}n Familiar (PRAF) in Honduras are suggested as models that could work as part of a social safety net program. As Bourguignon (2000) points out, however, the programs were not designed to help families who temporarily find themselves in poverty but instead are aimed at the chronically poor. Beneficiaries are selected according to permanent characteristics that dispose them to poverty. To work as a way of alleviating the impact of crises on schooling, the programs would have to be redesigned to identify quickly families at risk of taking their children out of school.",
year = "2003",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00065-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "31",
pages = "1165--1178",
journal = "World Development",
issn = "0305-750X",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "7",
}