@article{a54243bbce614b0980f53db951b26ba4,
title = "Resilience of LTE eNode B against smart jammer in infinite-horizon asymmetric repeated zero-sum game",
abstract = "It has been proposed to use Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks for mission critical and public safety applications. However, LTE/LTE-A networks are known to be vulnerable to denial-of-service (DOS) and loss-of-service attacks from smart jammers. This article deals with the resilience of LTE/LTE-A eNode B against smart jamming attacks in an infinite-horizon asymmetric repeated zero-sum game and introduces algorithms for constructing efficient strategies for both players (smart jammer and eNode B) in such a game. It has been shown in game-theoretic literature that security strategies provide optimal solution in zero-sum games and that both players{\textquoteright} security strategies in an infinite-horizon asymmetric repeated zero-sum game depend only on the history of informed player's actions. However, fixed-sized sufficient statistics are needed for both players to solve an infinite-horizon game efficiently with memory constraints. Smart jammer (informed player) uses its evolving belief state as the fixed-sized sufficient statistic for the repeated game. Whereas, LTE eNode B (uninformed player) uses worst-case regret of its security strategy and its anti-discounted update as the fixed-sized sufficient statistic. Although fixed-sized sufficient statistics are exploited by both players, optimal security strategy computation in λ-discounted asymmetric games is still hard to compute because of non-convexity. Hence, the problem is convexified by devising suboptimal security strategies with guaranteed performance for both players that are based on approximated optimal game value. However, “approximated” strategies require full monitoring. Therefore, a simplistic yet effective “expected” strategy is also constructed for LTE eNode B (uninformed player) that does not require full monitoring. The simulation results show that smart jammer maintains its dominance at a long range of prior probability values by playing non-revealing and misleading strategies against the network for its long-term advantage.",
keywords = "Asymmetric information, LTE/LTE-A, Linear programming, Smart jamming, λ-discounted repeated games",
author = "Aziz, \{Farhan M.\} and Lichun Li and Shamma, \{Jeff S.\} and St{\"u}ber, \{Gordon L.\}",
note = "The research reported in this publication was supported in part by funding from the US AFOSR/MURI project \# FA9550-10-1-0573 , the US ARO project \# W911NF-09-1-0553 , and the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia . Farhan M. Aziz is a (4G/5G) Systems Engineer at Intel Corporation{\textquoteright}s Communication \& Devices Group (iCDG), San Diego, CA working on the design and implementation of Intel{\textquoteright}s commercial-grade multimode 5G NR/LTE/CDMA modems including its first-generation 5G modem XMM8060/8160. Aziz received his Ph.D. (EE) from School of Electrical \& Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA in Summer 2017. His Ph.D. research was focused on identification of security vulnerabilities in LTE/LTE-A air interface and devising autonomous policies to combat smart jamming attacks in LTE/LTE-A networks. Aziz also worked as a Sr. Systems Engineer at Shared Spectrum Company (SSC), Vienna, VA, where his primary job responsibilities included design and development of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) algorithms and techniques for military radios (e.g.,WNW and WNaN) and satellites; and writing project proposals for utilizing DSA technology for communication in various tactical and strategic situations. Aziz received a Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree in Electrical Engineering from the NED University of Engineering \& Technology, Karachi, Pakistan in 1999 and a Master of Science (M.S.) degree in Electrical Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute \& State University, Blacksburg, VA in 2003. His Masters{\textquoteright} thesis was focused on utilizing IEEE 802.11b technology for the design, deployment and analysis of a wireless network for high-mobility telematics at Virginia{\textquoteright}s Smart Road. From 2004–2010, he worked at Qualcomm CDMA Technologies (QCT) division of Qualcomm Inc., San Diego, CA as a Staff Engineer where he got hands-on experience in LTE, HSPA, WCDMA, cdma2000, GSM, 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth and GPS modems and multimedia subsystems. Aziz was part of QCT modem architecture, power systems and modem performance analysis teams at Qualcomm and led QCT{\textquoteright}s multidisciplinary power systems competitive analysis project for many years. He holds two US patents on modem and multimedia power optimization in mobile handsets. From 1999–2000, he worked at Alcatel Pakistan as a Field Engineer working on configuration and expansion of countrywide voice/data communication network consisting of Alcatel{\textquoteright}s proprietary switching nodes, microwave and drop/insert DRS links. Aziz{\textquoteright}s research interests lie in the general areas of communication systems and networks, applied game theory, radio network security, PHY-layer security, THz communications, smart grid communications and probabilistic computing. Lichun Li is an Assistant Professor in the Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (IME) department at Florida A\&M University – Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) college of engineering, Tallahassee, FL. She did her postdoc at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and Georgia Institute of Technology with Prof. Langbort and Prof. Shamma , respectively, after earning her PhD in Electrical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame under the advisement of Prof. Lemmon . Her research interests include Game Theory, Control Theory, Security of Cyber–Human–Physical systems, Smart manufacturing, and Large-Scale Networked systems. Jeff S. Shamma (IEEE F{\textquoteright}06) is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and the Director of the Center of Excellence for NEOM Research, and Robotics, Intelligent Systems \& Control (RISC) laboratory at KAUST. Shamma received a Ph.D. in systems science and engineering from MIT in 1988. Prior to joining KAUST, he was the Julian T. Hightower Chair in Systems \& Control in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech. He also has held faculty positions at the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Texas at Austin, and the University of Minnesota. Shamma is a Fellow of the IEEE and the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), and a recipient of the NSF Young Investigator Award, American Automatic Control Council Donald P. Eckman Award, and Mohammed Dahleh Award. He is currently the deputy editor-in-chief for the IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems and a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Control Systems Society. Gordon L. St{\"u}ber (IEEE F{\textquoteright}99) received the B.A.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, in 1982 and 1986 respectively. In 1986, he joined the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, where he is the Joseph M. Pettit Chair Professor in Communications. Dr. St{\"u}ber is author of the wireless textbook Principles of Mobile Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, 2/e 2001, 3/e 2011, 4/e2017. He was co-recipient of the Jack Neubauer Memorial Award in 1997 for the best systems paper published in the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. He became an IEEE Fellow in 1999 “for contributions to mobile radio and spread spectrum communications.” He received the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society James R. Evans Avant Garde Award in 2003 “for his contributions to theoretical research in wireless communications.” In 2007, he received the IEEE Communications Society Wireless Communications Technical Committee Recognition Award (2007) “for outstanding technical contributions in the field and for service to the scientific and engineering communities.” He was an IEEE Communication Society Distinguished Lecturer (2007–2008) and IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Distinguished Lecturer (2010–2012). He was co-recipient of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Neal Shepherd Memorial Best Propagation Paper Award in 2012. Finally, he received the 2017 IEEE ComSoc RCC Technical Recognition Award “for outstanding research contributions to radio communications.” Dr. St{\"u}ber served as Technical Program Chair for the 1996 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC{\textquoteright}96), Technical Program Chair for the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC{\textquoteright}98), General Chair of the Fifth IEEE Workshop on Multimedia, Multiaccess and Teletraffic for Wireless Communications (MMT{\textquoteright}2000), General Chair of the 2002 IEEE Communication Theory Workshop (CTW{\textquoteright}02), General Chair of the Fifth YRP International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC{\textquoteright}2002) and General Co-Chair of the 2019 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC{\textquoteright}29019-Fall). He is a past Editor for Spread Spectrum with the IEEE Transactions on Communications (1993–1998), and a past member of the IEEE Communications Society Awards Committee (1999–2002). He served as an elected Member-at-Large on the IEEE Communications Society Board of Governors (2007–2009) and is currently an elected member of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Board of Governors (2001–2021). He received the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Outstanding Service Award in 2005.",
year = "2020",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1016/j.phycom.2019.100989",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "39",
journal = "Physical Communication",
issn = "1874-4907",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}