@article{9dc31d1a05d1409493bbd88a4ce0fab1,
title = "Pulsed Doppler Accuracy Assessment Due to Frequency-Dependent Attenuation and Rayleigh Scattering Error Sources",
abstract = "All engineering measurements are subject to inaccurate and imprecise estimates, including the estimate of blood flow velocity. An assessment of specific error sources can minimize such uncertainties. Frequency-dependent attenuation and Rayleigh scattering are significant error sources for pulsed Doppler ultrasound because the transmitted ultrasonic signal has a finite width spectrum. The former causes a frequency downshift and the latter a frequency upshift, both of which are independent of the actual Doppler frequency shift. This communication evaluates these error sources through computer simulation and compares the computed error to experimental data.",
author = "Embree, {Paul M.} and O'brien, {William D.}",
note = "Funding Information: The measurement of human blood flow by ultrasound is a valuable tool for clinical diagnosis of vascular disease. Unfortunately, Doppler-based measurement techniques are plagued with practical as well as theoretical difficulties which result in inaccurate and im- precise flow measurements. A review of its accuracy and sources of error [l] concluded that Doppler methods are capable of good absolute accuracy when suitably designed equipment is used in appropriate situations, with systematic errors of 6% or less. One error source not evaluated in that review was that due to the frequency-dependent tissue attenuation of the intervening tissue. The influence of Rayleigh scattering and frequency-dependent attenuation, two spectral-broadening mechanisms, have been theoretically treated for a Gaussian spectrum [2] in which the attenuation coefficient varied linearly with frequency. In addition to these two spectral-broadening mechanisms, transducer characteristics have also been shown to influence significantly the Doppler spectrum [3], [4]. Experimental results concerning the effects of tissue attenuation on the accuracy of pulsed Doppler ultrasound were presented in [4],a nd compared to the model in [2]. In this paper, the Manuscript received August 10, 1987; revised January 31, 1989. This work was supported in part by the American Heart Association-Illinois Affiliate and in part by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HL 39704).",
year = "1990",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1109/10.52334",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "37",
pages = "322--326",
journal = "IRE transactions on medical electronics",
issn = "0018-9294",
publisher = "IEEE Computer Society",
number = "3",
}