@inproceedings{bb815e70df5b4d6aaacec70bb8723ea5,
title = "Proton-implanted red photonic crystal VCSELs with high quality output beam",
abstract = "We have fabricated proton-implanted photonic crystal (PhC) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) emitting in the visible spectrum. The active region of the VCSELs is composed of multiple InGaAlP quantum wells resulting in an emission wavelength of 674 nm. A threshold current of 1.3 mA and single mode output power higher than 1 mW at room temperature have been achieved. The maximum continuous wave (CW) lasing temperature was found to be 55°C. The PhC VCSELs operate in a single fundamental mode with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) larger than 30 dB and show a constant beam divergence of 8 degree (full angle) for all levels of injection current and various ambient temperatures. We compare ion-implanted and photonic crystal VCSELs and demonstrate that the controllable refractive index guidance effect of the PhC results in a stable beam output which makes these red VCSELs interesting for imaging applications.",
keywords = "High-quality optical beam, Imaging applications, Photonic crystal VCSELs, Red VCSELs",
author = "Kasten, {Ansas M.} and Hyungrae Cha and Levi Naden and Hibbs-Brenner, {Mary K.} and Klein Johnson and Choquette, {Kent D.}",
year = "2010",
doi = "10.1117/12.847340",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9780819480118",
series = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
booktitle = "Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XIV",
note = "Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XIV ; Conference date: 27-01-2010 Through 28-01-2010",
}