Protective factors for transgender and gender non-conforming youth’s high school experience: a systematic literature review

This systematic review provides an overview of the empirical research relating to protective experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) high school students. 22 studies were identified by online search which included protective high school experiences and TGNC youth. Results revealed an increasing trend of publication in this field after 2010, with the majority of these studies conducted in the U.S. The reviewed studies showed that interpersonal support from friends and educators played a critical role in shaping TGNC students’ affirming school experiences. In addition, TGNC students themselves demonstrated resilience to cope with hostile school experiences and even promoted a more inclusive environment. A safe school environment with accessible resources for TGNC students was also critical for both their mental and academic outcomes. Depending on the context and intersecting identities of TGNC youth, however, protective factors and affirming experiences continue to be rare. The review concludes with recommendations for research and practice.