Precision-Guided Missile-Like DNA Nanostructure Containing Warhead and Guidance Control for Aptamer-Based Targeted Drug Delivery into Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

It is crucial to deliver anticancer drugs to target cells with high precision and efficiency. While nanomaterials have been shown to enhance the delivery efficiency once they reach the target, it remains challenging for precise drug delivery to overcome the nonspecific adsorption and off-target effect. To meet this challenge, we report herein the design of a novel DNA nanostructure to act as a DNA nanoscale precision-guided missile (D-PGM) for highly efficient loading and precise delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to specific target cells. The D-PGM consists of two parts: a warhead (WH) and a guidance/control (GC). The WH is a rod-like DNA nanostructure as a drug carrier, whose trunk is a three-dimensionally self-assembled DNA nanoscale architecture from the programmed hybridization among two palindromic DNA sequences in the x-y dimension and two common DNA oligonucleotides in the z direction, making the WH possess a high payload capacity of drugs. The GC is an aptamer-based logic gate assembled in a highly organized fashion capable of performing cell-subtype-specific recognition via the sequential disassembly, mediated by cell-anchored aptamers. Because of the cooperative effects between the WH and the GC, the GC logic gates operate like the guidance and control system in a precision-guided missile to steer the doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded DNA WH toward target cancer cells, leading to selective and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, fluorophores attached to different locations of D-PGM and DOX fluorescence dequenching upon release enable intracellular tracing of the DNA nanostructures and drugs. The results demonstrate that by mimicking the functionalities of a military precision-guided missile to design the sequential disassembly of the GC system in multistimuli-responsive fashion, our intrinsically biocompatible and degradable D-PGM can accurately identify target cancer cells in complex biological milieu and achieve active targeted drug delivery. The success of this strategy paves the way for specific cell identity and targeted cancer therapy.