@article{14bec1904e2945f58e620f2b1c8d3afb,
title = "Polyploidy in gymnosperms – Insights into the genomic and evolutionary consequences of polyploidy in Ephedra",
abstract = "While polyploidization is recognized as a major evolutionary driver for ferns and angiosperms, little is known about its impact in gymnosperms, where polyploidy is much less frequent. We explore Ephedra to evaluate (i) the extent of genome size diversity in the genus and the influence polyploidy has had on the evolution of nuclear DNA contents, and (ii) identify where shifts in genome size and polyploidy have occurred both temporally and spatially. A phylogenetic framework of all Ephedra species together with genome sizes and karyotypes for 87% and 67% of them respectively, were used to explore ploidy evolution and its global distribution patterns. Polyploidy was shown to be extremely common, with 41 species (83%) being polyploid (up to 8×) or having polyploid cytotypes – the highest frequency and level reported for any gymnosperm. Genome size was also diverse, with values ranging ~5-fold (8.09–38.34 pg/1C) – the largest range for any gymnosperm family – and increasing in proportion to ploidy level (i.e. no genome downsizing). Our findings provide novel data which support the view that gymnosperms have a more conserved mode of genomic evolution compared with angiosperms.",
keywords = "C-value, Chromosomes, Ephedra, Genome size, Gymnosperm, Polyploidy",
author = "Ickert-Bond, {Stefanie M.} and Aretuza Sousa and Ya Min and Israel Loera and Jordan Metzgar and Jaume Pellicer and Oriane Hidalgo and Leitch, {Ilia J.}",
note = "The authors would like to thank Elke Zippel (Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany), Holy Forbes (University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley, Berkeley, U.S.A.), Cindy Newlander (Denver Botanical Garden, Denver, U.S.A.), U.S.A.) Kathryn Richardson (Arnold Arboretum, Boston, U.S.A.), Sandra Knees (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh), Lee Bronson (Wallace Garden, Scottsdale, Arizona), Catarina Rydin (Stockholm Botanical Garden) for sending fresh plant materials for genome estimation, and Marc Wright (University of Alaska Fairbanks, IAB greenhouse, Fairbanks, U.S.A.) and Angelo Razeto (Munich Botanical Garden, Munich, Germany) and Richard Bond (Glendale, Arizona, U.S.A.) for germinating Ephedra seeds and maintaining the reference collections. The work was partially supported by a DAAD Research Fellowship to SIB for a research stay in the Renner Lab at LMU, Munich, Germany . OH and JP benefited from Ram{\'o}n y Cajal fellowships ( RYC-2016-21176 and RYC-2017-22742 , respectively). The authors would like to thank Elke Zippel (Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany), Holy Forbes (University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley, Berkeley, U.S.A.), Cindy Newlander (Denver Botanical Garden, Denver, U.S.A.), U.S.A.) Kathryn Richardson (Arnold Arboretum, Boston, U.S.A.), Sandra Knees (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh), Lee Bronson (Wallace Garden, Scottsdale, Arizona), Catarina Rydin (Stockholm Botanical Garden) for sending fresh plant materials for genome estimation, and Marc Wright (University of Alaska Fairbanks, IAB greenhouse, Fairbanks, U.S.A.) and Angelo Razeto (Munich Botanical Garden, Munich, Germany) and Richard Bond (Glendale, Arizona, U.S.A.) for germinating Ephedra seeds and maintaining the reference collections. The work was partially supported by a DAAD Research Fellowship to SIB for a research stay in the Renner Lab at LMU, Munich, Germany. OH and JP benefited from Ram?n y Cajal fellowships (RYC-2016-21176 and RYC-2017-22742, respectively).",
year = "2020",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106786",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "147",
journal = "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution",
issn = "1055-7903",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
}