@article{05d7a096a4544eeb8c077fd898296ddf,
title = "Phylogenetics of wigeons and allies (Anatidae: Anas): The importance of sampling multiple loci and multiple individuals",
abstract = "Species-level DNA phylogenies frequently suffer from two shortcomings-gene trees usually are constructed from a single locus, and often species are represented by only one individual. To evaluate the effect of these two shortcomings, we tested phylogenetic hypotheses within the wigeons and allies, a clade of Anas ducks (Anatidae) composed of five species. We sequenced two nuclear introns from the Z-chromosome-linked chromo-helicase binding protein gene (CHD1Zb and CHD1Za) and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for multiple individuals sampled from widespread geographic locations. We compared these phylogenies to previously published phylogenies constructed from morphology and protein coding regions of mtDNA. Relative to other nuclear introns, CHD showed remarkable phylogenetic utility. Of the 26 CHD1Zb alleles identified, only one was shared between two species, and the combined CHD datasets revealed that four of the five species were consistent with monophyly. Several species shared mtDNA haplotypes, which probably was a result of interspecific hybridization. Overall, the nuclear CHD tree and the mtDNA tree were more congruent with coding regions of mtDNA than they were with morphology.",
keywords = "Anas, CHD, Falcated duck, Gadwall, Nuclear intron, Phylogenetics, Wigeon, mtDNA",
author = "Peters, {Jeffrey L.} and McCracken, {Kevin G.} and Zhuravlev, {Yuri N.} and Yi Lu and Wilson, {Robert E.} and Johnson, {Kevin P.} and Omland, {Kevin E.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the following people and institutions/organizations for providing tissue samples and loans: Sharon Birks, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington; Paul Padding and Woody Martin, Patuxant Wildlife Research Center, USA; Ruth Cromie, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, UK; Norm North, Canadian Wildlife Service, Canada; Kimball L. Garrett, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; and Andrew J. Green and Violeta Mu{\~n}oz, Estaci{\~o}n Biol{\'o}gica de Do{\~n}ana, Spain. We would also like to thank the following organizations for logistical support: Migratory Bird Permit Office, US Fish and Wildlife Service; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture; North Dakota Game and Fish Department; Alaska Department of Fish and Game; Falkland Islands Government; and the following governmental agencies of Argentina: Secretar{\'i}a del Estado de Producci{\'o}n R{\'i}o Negro; Centro de Ecolog{\'i}a Aplicada y Direcci{\'o}n Provincial Recursos Faunisticos y Areas Naturales Protegidas Neuqu{\'e}n; Direcci{\'o}n de Fauna Santa Cruz; Direcci{\'o}n de Fauna Silvestre, Secretar{\'i}a de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Rep{\'u}blica Argentina; and Ministerio de la Producci{\'o}n Chubut. We thank the following people for their assistance in the laboratory and field: Kairav Doshi, Elizabeth M. Humphries, Roland Y. Cheung, Ra{\'u}l Card{\'o}n, Ra{\'u}l Clarke, Adrian Contreras, Sergio Goldfeder, Alejandro Gonzalez, Antony Lancaster, Daniel Ramadori, Alejandro del Valle, Elizabeth Loos, Kristen Chodacheck, and Nathan Pfost. Beatrice Kondo and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on the manuscript. This study was funded by grants from Delta Waterfowl Foundation to J.L.P., from the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, EPSCoR (NSF EPS-0092040) to K.G.M., and from the Frank M. Chapman Fund at the American Museum of Natural History to R.E.W. ",
year = "2005",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.017",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "35",
pages = "209--224",
journal = "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution",
issn = "1055-7903",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "1",
}