Phylogenetics, historical biogeography and molecular species delimitation of Chanohirata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Penthimiini)

The genus Chanohirata Hayashi & Machida, including the herein synonymized monotypic genus Reticuluma Cheng & Li, is the second most speciose genus in the tribe Penthimiini after Penthimia Germar and is almost exclusively endemic to China. This study presents the first phylogeny of Chanohirata based on three mitochondrial markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II and 16S ribosomal RNA) and one nuclear fragment (28S ribosomal RNA). Reticuluma syn. n. is recovered nested within Chanohirata with strong support. Reticuluma is, therefore, proposed as a junior synonym of Chanohirata, and a new combination is proposed: Chanohirata citrana (Cheng & Li) comb. n. Molecular species delimitation analyses were conducted by combining six molecular delimitation methods with morphological evidence. The results of the species delimitation analyses confirm the status of eight described species of Chanohirata and support the recognition of three new species: Chanohirata cornicula Wang & Zhang sp. n., Chanohirata elongata Wang & Zhang sp. n. and Chanohirata serrata Wang & Zhang sp. n. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses suggest that Chanohirata likely originated during the late Eocene in southern China. During the late Miocene to early Pleistocene, the uplift of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau and climatic oscillations probably triggered several dispersal and vicariance events in Chanohirata lineages, leading to most speciation events.