@article{ca84662b85104c6e90ac1e350bee25c6,
title = "Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray",
abstract = "Inspired by the relatively simple morphological blueprint provided by batoid fish such as stingrays and skates, we created a biohybrid system that enables an artificial animal-a tissue-engineered ray-to swim and phototactically follow a light cue. By patterning dissociated rat cardiomyocytes on an elastomeric body enclosing a microfabricated gold skeleton, we replicated fish morphology at 1/10 scale and captured basic fin deflection patterns of batoid fish. Optogenetics allows for phototactic guidance, steering, and turning maneuvers. Optical stimulation induced sequential muscle activation via serpentinepatterned muscle circuits, leading to coordinated undulatory swimming. The speed and direction of the ray was controlled by modulating light frequency and by independently eliciting right and left fins, allowing the biohybrid machine to maneuver through an obstacle course.",
author = "Park, {Sung Jin} and Mattia Gazzola and Park, {Kyung Soo} and Shirley Park and {Di Santo}, Valentina and Blevins, {Erin L.} and Lind, {Johan U.} and Campbell, {Patrick H.} and Stephanie Dauth and Capulli, {Andrew K.} and Pasqualini, {Francesco S.} and Seungkuk Ahn and Alexander Cho and Hongyan Yuan and Maoz, {Ben M.} and Ragu Vijaykumar and Choi, {Jeong Woo} and Karl Deisseroth and Lauder, {George V.} and L. Mahadevan and Parker, {Kevin Kit}",
note = "Funding Information: Data reported in the paper are included in the supplementarymaterials. We thank A. P. Nesmith, M. McKenna, and A. Chandler for discussion on design and K. Hudson and Margherita Gazzola for photography and illustrations. This work was funded by the Harvard Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant UH3TR000522, subcontract 312659 from Los Almos National Laboratory under prime DTRA contract DE-AC52-06NA25396, the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant EFRI-0938043, NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center grant DMR-1420570, Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative grant N000141410533, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Radcliffe Institute, the National Research Foundation of Korea grant 2013K1A4A3055268, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and Office contract W911NF-12-2-0036. The views and conclusions contained in this Report are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, expressed or implied, of the Army Research Office or Laboratory, the U.S. government, or any other funding agencies. The U.S. government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation hereon. Portions of this work were performed at the Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems (NSF 1541959) and at the Neurobiology Imaging Facility (NINDS P30 Core Center NS072030). Certain aspects of the paper are described in U.S. patent 8, 492, 150 and U.S. patent application 20150182679.",
year = "2016",
month = jul,
day = "8",
doi = "10.1126/science.aaf4292",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "353",
pages = "158--162",
journal = "Science",
issn = "0036-8075",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "6295",
}