TY - JOUR
T1 - Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees
T2 - Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines
AU - Harwood, Gyan P
AU - Dolezal, Adam G
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the US Department of Agriculture grant 2019-67013-29300.
PY - 2020/5/21
Y1 - 2020/5/21
N2 - Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic Varroa mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level.
AB - Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic Varroa mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level.
KW - honey bee virus
KW - virus tolerance/resistance
KW - pesticide resistance
KW - toxicology
KW - insecticide-virus synergism
KW - Insecticide–virus synergism
KW - Virus tolerance/resistance
KW - Toxicology
KW - Honey bee virus
KW - Pesticide resistance
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U2 - 10.3390/v12050566
DO - 10.3390/v12050566
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32455815
SN - 1999-4915
VL - 12
JO - Viruses
JF - Viruses
IS - 5
M1 - 566
ER -