TY - JOUR
T1 - Periodic limb movement disorder in children
T2 - A systematic review
AU - International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG)
AU - DelRosso, Lourdes M.
AU - Picchietti, Daniel L.
AU - Sharon, Denise
AU - Spruyt, Karen
AU - Owens, Judith A.
AU - Walters, Arthur S.
AU - Zucconi, Marco
AU - Ferri, Raffaele
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2024/8
Y1 - 2024/8
N2 - This systematic review evaluates the scientific literature on pediatric periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), adhering to PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PICOS criteria. The search across PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus yielded 331 articles, with 17 meeting inclusion criteria. Diagnostic criteria evolved, with polysomnography and PLMS index ≥5 required since 2003. Also, PLMD diagnosis mandates clinical consequences like insomnia, hypersomnia, and fatigue, excluding comorbidities causing sleep disruption. Prevalence in children is low (0.3%), emphasizing the need for meticulous investigation. Comorbidities, particularly the bidirectional relationship with ADHD, were explored. Challenges in diagnosis and understanding arise from overlapping conditions such as sleep disordered breathing, psychotropic medication, and criteria non-adherence. Despite generally good study quality, weaknesses include sample size justification and biases. The periodic leg movement index shows high sensitivity but low specificity, underscoring strict diagnostic criteria adherence. Diverse metrics for symptoms necessitate standardized approaches. Family history of RLS in children with PLMD suggests unexplored aspects. Treatment, mainly iron supplementation, lacks standardized assessment metrics. The review emphasizes diagnostic and treatment challenges, recommending unbiased studies with precise techniques. Comprehensive research, quantifying PLMS and objectively assessing sleep parameters, is crucial for advancing understanding in pediatric PLMD. Prospero registration number: CRD42021251406.
AB - This systematic review evaluates the scientific literature on pediatric periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), adhering to PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PICOS criteria. The search across PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus yielded 331 articles, with 17 meeting inclusion criteria. Diagnostic criteria evolved, with polysomnography and PLMS index ≥5 required since 2003. Also, PLMD diagnosis mandates clinical consequences like insomnia, hypersomnia, and fatigue, excluding comorbidities causing sleep disruption. Prevalence in children is low (0.3%), emphasizing the need for meticulous investigation. Comorbidities, particularly the bidirectional relationship with ADHD, were explored. Challenges in diagnosis and understanding arise from overlapping conditions such as sleep disordered breathing, psychotropic medication, and criteria non-adherence. Despite generally good study quality, weaknesses include sample size justification and biases. The periodic leg movement index shows high sensitivity but low specificity, underscoring strict diagnostic criteria adherence. Diverse metrics for symptoms necessitate standardized approaches. Family history of RLS in children with PLMD suggests unexplored aspects. Treatment, mainly iron supplementation, lacks standardized assessment metrics. The review emphasizes diagnostic and treatment challenges, recommending unbiased studies with precise techniques. Comprehensive research, quantifying PLMS and objectively assessing sleep parameters, is crucial for advancing understanding in pediatric PLMD. Prospero registration number: CRD42021251406.
KW - Children
KW - Iron supplementation
KW - Periodic leg movements during sleep
KW - Periodic limb movement disorder
KW - Sleep disorder
KW - Treatment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85190771245&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85190771245&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101935
DO - 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101935
M3 - Review article
C2 - 38652932
AN - SCOPUS:85190771245
SN - 1087-0792
VL - 76
JO - Sleep Medicine Reviews
JF - Sleep Medicine Reviews
M1 - 101935
ER -