@article{e20937f5f5e549daab4dc467e8651c99,
title = "Peptides and glycopeptides as biological antifreeze agents in polar fishes",
author = "DeVries, {A. L.}",
note = "Funding Information: The hypothesis is developed that freezing injury at the cellular level is an osmotic stress injury which evolves in the following manner: (1) Extracellular ice formation, by removing cellular water across a semipermeable membrane, does work on the cell. (2) This work is initially reversible and is stored as a potential energy by the cell, in the form of an osmotic potential, As the osmotic stress increases, the cells remain larger than expected, and intracellular solutions become progressively more dilute. (3) While this process is initially elastic, or reversible, a level of stress is eventually reached at which the strain becomes plastic, and irreversible work is done upon the cell, At this point, injury begins, and if unchecked or reversed, will destroy the cell (4) The cell membrane exists in a metastable state. Work done on the membrane, by changing the shape of the potential energy surface surrounding the potential energy “well” in which the membrane resides, accelerates the cell{\textquoteright}s spontaneous decay toward equilibrium and death. Cryobiological strategies are discussed in this context. (Supported in part by NIH Grant GM 17959 and BRSG No. 2SO7RR05737.) 6. Membrane Changes during Drying. JOHN H. CROWE AND LOIS M. CROWE (Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California).",
year = "1981",
doi = "10.1016/0011-2240(81)90133-4",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "18",
pages = "No.3",
journal = "Cryobiology",
issn = "0011-2240",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "6",
}