@article{4544881765ac40459f7ff188ec96f8d3,
title = "Parallel distributed processing and neural networks: Origins, methodology and cognitive functions",
abstract = "Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP), a computational methodology with origins in Associationism, is used to provide empirical information regarding neurobiological systems. Recently, supercomputers have enabled neuroscientists to model brain behavior-relationships. An overview of supercomputer architecture demonstrates the advantages of parallel over serial processing. Histological data provide physical evidence of the parallel distributed nature of certain aspects of the human brain, as do corresponding computer simulations. Whereas sensory networks follow more sequential neural network pathways, in vivo brain imaging studies of attention and rudimentary language tasks appear to involve multiple cortical and subcortical areas. Controversy remains as to whether associative models or Artificial Intelligence symbolic models better reflect neural networks of cognitive functions; however, considerable interest has shifted towards associative models.",
keywords = "Artificial intelligence, Associationism, Cognition, Neural networks, Neuropsychology, Parallel distributed processing, Positron emission tomography",
author = "Parks, {Randolph W.} and Long, {Debra L.} and Levine, {Daniel S.} and Crockett, {David J.} and Mcgeer, {Edith G.} and Mcgeer, {Patrick L.} and Dalton, {Irene E.} and Zec, {Ronald F.} and Becker, {Robert E.} and Coburn, {Kerry L.} and Gil Siler and Nelson, {Mark E.} and Bower, {James M.}",
note = "Funding Information: The research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grants R01 MH/Ag41821-01 and R01 MH/Ag41821-02, National Institute On Aging Alzheimer Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center grant P30 AgO8014, the Illinois Department of Public Health, and Southern Illinois University Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Additional funding was obtained from the Canadian Research Council. the Alzheimer's Society of Canada, the Old Age Pensioners Foundation of British Columbia, and Icuzheimer's Society of British Columbia. Addrrss Eomspondence to: Randolph W. Parks, Ph.D.. Psy.D.. Southem Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19230. Sphgfield, IL 62794 9230. Funding Information: development of a new generation of massively parallel computers. A key factor in this renewed interest stems from the exponential increase in computing speed and relative accessibility of computer facilities. Previously, these huge, powerful computers were isolated in the U.S. government{\textquoteright}s national facilities (e.g., Los Alamos Laboratory and NASA Ames Laboratory). However, the National Science Foundation and Congress in 1985 funded Supercomputer Centers at the University of California, San Diego, University of Pittsburgh/Camegie-Mellon University, University of Illinois and Cornell University (Burton, 1989). In addition, access was made easier via improved terminal and telephone lines.",
year = "1991",
doi = "10.3109/00207459109080640",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "60",
pages = "195--214",
journal = "International Journal of Neuroscience",
issn = "0020-7454",
publisher = "Informa Healthcare",
number = "2",
}