Opportunities and Challenges of Solar-Energy-Driven Carbon Dioxide to Fuel Conversion with Plasmonic Catalysts

The ability of plasmonic nanoparticles to harness visible light can be being combined with their catalytic activity to drive photocatalytic transformations. This Review introduces the promise of this new class of photocatalysts for fulfilling the quest for sunlight-driven recycling of CO₂ into transportable liquid fuels. We discuss the prospects and challenges of such an approach. Despite considerable advances, a selective, stable, and efficient CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) catalyst has been elusive. These open challenges may be addressable by the strategic utilization of plasmonic light excitation. Plasmonic catalysts have exhibited the ability to drive a rich milieu of CO₂RR processes under visible light excitation. At this stage, improved mechanistic understanding and reaction control are needed. To motivate rational design of photocatalytic materials and processes by a future generation of researchers, we suggest potential pathways by which plasmonic-assisted CO₂RR can take place. We describe unique physical and chemical aspects of plasmonic catalysis, some of which may allow modulation of CO₂RR product selectivity in favor of higher hydrocarbons. The intertwining of the photophysics of plasmon resonances and chemistry of CO₂RR creates a wide-open space for fundamental inquiry and technological development. Whether the future of artificial photosynthesis is "plasmonic" will be dictated by scientific understanding and engineering advances accomplished in the coming decade.