On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

A. N. Bender; A. J. Anderson; J. S. Avva; P. A.R. Ade; Z. Ahmed; P. S. Barry; R. Basu Thakur; B. A. Benson; L. Bryant; K. Byrum; J. E. Carlstrom; F. W. Carter; T. W. Cecil; C. L. Chang; H. M. Cho; J. F. Cliche; A. Cukierman; T. de Haan; E. V. Denison; J. Ding; M. A. Dobbs; D. Dutcher; W. Everett; K. R. Ferguson; A. Foster; J. Fu; J. Gallicchio; A. E. Gambrel; R. W. Gardner; A. Gilbert; J. C. Groh; S. Guns; R. Guyser; N. W. Halverson; A. H. Harke-Hosemann; N. L. Harrington; J. W. Henning; G. C. Hilton; W. L. Holzapfel; D. Howe; N. Huang; K. D. Irwin; O. B. Jeong; M. Jonas; A. Jones; T. S. Khaire; A. M. Kofman; M. Korman; D. L. Kubik; S. Kuhlmann; C. L. Kuo; A. T. Lee; E. M. Leitch; A. E. Lowitz; S. S. Meyer; D. Michalik; J. Montgomery; A. Nadolski; T. Natoli; H. Nguyen; G. I. Noble; V. Novosad; S. Padin; Z. Pan; P. Paschos; J. Pearson; C. M. Posada; W. Quan; A. Rahlin; D. Riebel; J. E. Ruhl; J. T. Sayre; E. Shirokoff; G. Smecher; J. A. Sobrin; A. A. Stark; J. Stephen; K. T. Story; A. Suzuki; K. L. Thompson; C. Tucker; L. R. Vale; K. Vanderlinde; J. D. Vieira; G. Wang; N. Whitehorn; V. Yefremenko; K. W. Yoon; M. R. Young

doi:10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

A. N. Bender, A. J. Anderson, J. S. Avva, P. A.R. Ade, Z. Ahmed, P. S. Barry, R. Basu Thakur, B. A. Benson, L. Bryant, K. Byrum, J. E. Carlstrom, F. W. Carter, T. W. Cecil, C. L. Chang, H. M. Cho, J. F. Cliche, A. Cukierman, T. de Haan, E. V. Denison, J. DingM. A. Dobbs, D. Dutcher, W. Everett, K. R. Ferguson, A. Foster, J. Fu, J. Gallicchio, A. E. Gambrel, R. W. Gardner, A. Gilbert, J. C. Groh, S. Guns, R. Guyser, N. W. Halverson, A. H. Harke-Hosemann, N. L. Harrington, J. W. Henning, G. C. Hilton, W. L. Holzapfel, D. Howe, N. Huang, K. D. Irwin, O. B. Jeong, M. Jonas, A. Jones, T. S. Khaire, A. M. Kofman, M. Korman, D. L. Kubik, S. Kuhlmann, C. L. Kuo, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, A. E. Lowitz, S. S. Meyer, D. Michalik, J. Montgomery, A. Nadolski, T. Natoli, H. Nguyen, G. I. Noble, V. Novosad, S. Padin, Z. Pan, P. Paschos, J. Pearson, C. M. Posada, W. Quan, A. Rahlin, D. Riebel, J. E. Ruhl, J. T. Sayre, E. Shirokoff, G. Smecher, J. A. Sobrin, A. A. Stark, J. Stephen, K. T. Story, A. Suzuki, K. L. Thompson, C. Tucker, L. R. Vale, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, G. Wang, N. Whitehorn, V. Yefremenko, K. W. Yoon, M. R. Young

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ∼ 16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	182-191
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Volume	199
Issue number	1-2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w
State	Published - Apr 1 2020

Keywords

Cosmic microwave background
Frequency-domain multiplexing
Transition-edge sensor

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Materials Science(all)
Condensed Matter Physics

Online availability

10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

Library availability

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Bender, A. N., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Barry, P. S., Basu Thakur, R., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., ... Young, M. R. (2020). On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 199(1-2), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

Bender, AN, Anderson, AJ, Avva, JS, Ade, PAR, Ahmed, Z, Barry, PS, Basu Thakur, R, Benson, BA, Bryant, L, Byrum, K, Carlstrom, JE, Carter, FW, Cecil, TW, Chang, CL, Cho, HM, Cliche, JF, Cukierman, A, de Haan, T, Denison, EV, Ding, J, Dobbs, MA, Dutcher, D, Everett, W, Ferguson, KR, Foster, A, Fu, J, Gallicchio, J, Gambrel, AE, Gardner, RW, Gilbert, A, Groh, JC, Guns, S, Guyser, R, Halverson, NW, Harke-Hosemann, AH, Harrington, NL, Henning, JW, Hilton, GC, Holzapfel, WL, Howe, D, Huang, N, Irwin, KD, Jeong, OB, Jonas, M, Jones, A, Khaire, TS, Kofman, AM, Korman, M, Kubik, DL, Kuhlmann, S, Kuo, CL, Lee, AT, Leitch, EM, Lowitz, AE, Meyer, SS, Michalik, D, Montgomery, J, Nadolski, A, Natoli, T, Nguyen, H, Noble, GI, Novosad, V, Padin, S, Pan, Z, Paschos, P, Pearson, J, Posada, CM, Quan, W, Rahlin, A, Riebel, D, Ruhl, JE, Sayre, JT, Shirokoff, E, Smecher, G, Sobrin, JA, Stark, AA, Stephen, J, Story, KT, Suzuki, A, Thompson, KL, Tucker, C, Vale, LR, Vanderlinde, K, Vieira, JD, Wang, G, Whitehorn, N, Yefremenko, V, Yoon, KW & Young, MR 2020, 'On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout', Journal of Low Temperature Physics, vol. 199, no. 1-2, pp. 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

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title = "On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout",

abstract = "Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ∼ 16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G{\textquoteright}s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.",

keywords = "Cosmic microwave background, Frequency-domain multiplexing, Transition-edge sensor",

author = "Bender, {A. N.} and Anderson, {A. J.} and Avva, {J. S.} and Ade, {P. A.R.} and Z. Ahmed and Barry, {P. S.} and {Basu Thakur}, R. and Benson, {B. A.} and L. Bryant and K. Byrum and Carlstrom, {J. E.} and Carter, {F. W.} and Cecil, {T. W.} and Chang, {C. L.} and Cho, {H. M.} and Cliche, {J. F.} and A. Cukierman and {de Haan}, T. and Denison, {E. V.} and J. Ding and Dobbs, {M. A.} and D. Dutcher and W. Everett and Ferguson, {K. R.} and A. Foster and J. Fu and J. Gallicchio and Gambrel, {A. E.} and Gardner, {R. W.} and A. Gilbert and Groh, {J. C.} and S. Guns and R. Guyser and Halverson, {N. W.} and Harke-Hosemann, {A. H.} and Harrington, {N. L.} and Henning, {J. W.} and Hilton, {G. C.} and Holzapfel, {W. L.} and D. Howe and N. Huang and Irwin, {K. D.} and Jeong, {O. B.} and M. Jonas and A. Jones and Khaire, {T. S.} and Kofman, {A. M.} and M. Korman and Kubik, {D. L.} and S. Kuhlmann and Kuo, {C. L.} and Lee, {A. T.} and Leitch, {E. M.} and Lowitz, {A. E.} and Meyer, {S. S.} and D. Michalik and J. Montgomery and A. Nadolski and T. Natoli and H. Nguyen and Noble, {G. I.} and V. Novosad and S. Padin and Z. Pan and P. Paschos and J. Pearson and Posada, {C. M.} and W. Quan and A. Rahlin and D. Riebel and Ruhl, {J. E.} and Sayre, {J. T.} and E. Shirokoff and G. Smecher and Sobrin, {J. A.} and Stark, {A. A.} and J. Stephen and Story, {K. T.} and A. Suzuki and Thompson, {K. L.} and C. Tucker and Vale, {L. R.} and K. Vanderlinde and Vieira, {J. D.} and G. Wang and N. Whitehorn and V. Yefremenko and Yoon, {K. W.} and Young, {M. R.}",

note = "Funding Information: The South Pole Telescope program is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF#947 to the University of Chicago. Work at Argonne National Laboratory is supported by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge R. Divan, L. Stan, C.S. Miller, and V. Kutepova for supporting our work in the Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials. Work at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a DOE-OS, HEP User Facility managed by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, was supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. NWH acknowledges support from NSF CAREER Grant AST-0956135. The McGill authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Fonds de recherche du Qu{\'e}bec Nature et technologies. JV acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. Funding Information: The South Pole Telescope program is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF#947 to the University of Chicago. Work at Argonne National Laboratory is supported by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge R. Divan, L. Stan, C.S. Miller, and V. Kutepova for supporting our work in the Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials. Work at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a DOE-OS, HEP User Facility managed by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, was supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. NWH acknowledges support from NSF CAREER Grant AST-0956135. The McGill authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Fonds de recherche du Qu{\'e}bec Nature et technologies. JV acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",

year = "2020",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "199",

pages = "182--191",

journal = "Journal of Low Temperature Physics",

issn = "0022-2291",

publisher = "Springer",

number = "1-2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

AU - Bender, A. N.

AU - Anderson, A. J.

AU - Avva, J. S.

AU - Ade, P. A.R.

AU - Ahmed, Z.

AU - Barry, P. S.

AU - Basu Thakur, R.

AU - Benson, B. A.

AU - Bryant, L.

AU - Byrum, K.

AU - Carlstrom, J. E.

AU - Carter, F. W.

AU - Cecil, T. W.

AU - Chang, C. L.

AU - Cho, H. M.

AU - Cliche, J. F.

AU - Cukierman, A.

AU - de Haan, T.

AU - Denison, E. V.

AU - Ding, J.

AU - Dobbs, M. A.

AU - Dutcher, D.

AU - Everett, W.

AU - Ferguson, K. R.

AU - Foster, A.

AU - Fu, J.

AU - Gallicchio, J.

AU - Gambrel, A. E.

AU - Gardner, R. W.

AU - Gilbert, A.

AU - Groh, J. C.

AU - Guns, S.

AU - Guyser, R.

AU - Halverson, N. W.

AU - Harke-Hosemann, A. H.

AU - Harrington, N. L.

AU - Henning, J. W.

AU - Hilton, G. C.

AU - Holzapfel, W. L.

AU - Howe, D.

AU - Huang, N.

AU - Irwin, K. D.

AU - Jeong, O. B.

AU - Jonas, M.

AU - Jones, A.

AU - Khaire, T. S.

AU - Kofman, A. M.

AU - Korman, M.

AU - Kubik, D. L.

AU - Kuhlmann, S.

AU - Kuo, C. L.

AU - Lee, A. T.

AU - Leitch, E. M.

AU - Lowitz, A. E.

AU - Meyer, S. S.

AU - Michalik, D.

AU - Montgomery, J.

AU - Nadolski, A.

AU - Natoli, T.

AU - Nguyen, H.

AU - Noble, G. I.

AU - Novosad, V.

AU - Padin, S.

AU - Pan, Z.

AU - Paschos, P.

AU - Pearson, J.

AU - Posada, C. M.

AU - Quan, W.

AU - Rahlin, A.

AU - Riebel, D.

AU - Ruhl, J. E.

AU - Sayre, J. T.

AU - Shirokoff, E.

AU - Smecher, G.

AU - Sobrin, J. A.

AU - Stark, A. A.

AU - Stephen, J.

AU - Story, K. T.

AU - Suzuki, A.

AU - Thompson, K. L.

AU - Tucker, C.

AU - Vale, L. R.

AU - Vanderlinde, K.

AU - Vieira, J. D.

AU - Wang, G.

AU - Whitehorn, N.

AU - Yefremenko, V.

AU - Yoon, K. W.

AU - Young, M. R.

N1 - Funding Information: The South Pole Telescope program is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF#947 to the University of Chicago. Work at Argonne National Laboratory is supported by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge R. Divan, L. Stan, C.S. Miller, and V. Kutepova for supporting our work in the Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials. Work at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a DOE-OS, HEP User Facility managed by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, was supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. NWH acknowledges support from NSF CAREER Grant AST-0956135. The McGill authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Fonds de recherche du Québec Nature et technologies. JV acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. Funding Information: The South Pole Telescope program is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF#947 to the University of Chicago. Work at Argonne National Laboratory is supported by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge R. Divan, L. Stan, C.S. Miller, and V. Kutepova for supporting our work in the Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials. Work at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a DOE-OS, HEP User Facility managed by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, was supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. NWH acknowledges support from NSF CAREER Grant AST-0956135. The McGill authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Fonds de recherche du Québec Nature et technologies. JV acknowledges support from the Sloan Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

PY - 2020/4/1

Y1 - 2020/4/1

N2 - Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ∼ 16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.

AB - Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ∼ 16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.

KW - Cosmic microwave background

KW - Frequency-domain multiplexing

KW - Transition-edge sensor

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85076760234&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85076760234&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

DO - 10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85076760234

SN - 0022-2291

VL - 199

SP - 182

EP - 191

JO - Journal of Low Temperature Physics

JF - Journal of Low Temperature Physics

IS - 1-2

ER -

On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

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