Abstract
We present a comprehensive numerical model to simulate self-heating effects of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under continuous-wave operation. The model self-consistently accounts for the close interaction between optical, electrical, and thermal processes in VCSELs. In particular, hot carriers and nonequilibrium optical phonons in the quantum wells are modeled by solving a carrier energy balance equation and an optical phonon rate equation. Our numerical simulations reveal that they are responsible for aggravated thermal rollovers in VCSELs' L-I characteristics. Detailed comparisons are made and good agreement is obtained between simulations and experiments for the L-I-V and lasing wavelength characteristics of VCSELs with varying oxide aperture size. Various mechanisms that result in the L-I thermal rollover behavior are also investigated with the aid of simulations.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 15-25 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics |
Volume | 41 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 2005 |
Keywords
- Charge carrier processes
- Distributed Bragg reflector lasers
- Hot carriers
- Laser reliability
- Laser thermal factors
- Semiconductor heterojunctions
- Semiconductor lasers
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering