@article{f338e292d9a8485a903ad52d768c67c3,
title = "Nitrous oxide fluxes over establishing biofuel crops: Characterization of temporal variability using the cross-wavelet analysis",
abstract = "Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) over croplands are a major source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The precise accounting of sources of N2O is essential to national and global budgets, as well as the understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships with environmental variables such as rainfall, air and soil temperature, and soil moisture. The objective of this work was to investigate the temporal correlations of N2O fluxes with soil and air temperatures, as well as soil moisture. N2O fluxes were measured over four biofuel crops in Central Illinois during their establishment phase. Measurements were carried out from 2009 to 2011 using a trace gas analyzer (TGA) with tunable laser technology. Measurements of concentrations of N2O and CO2 were taken at the center of four plots of maize/soybean rotation, miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mixture of native prairie plants. Cumulative fluxes indicate an average emission of nitrogen via N2O fluxes on the order of 1.5 kg N ha−1 year−1, in agreement with chamber measurements previously reported for the site. N2O fluxes were associated with peaks in soil and air temperature, and soil moisture, particularly during spring and winter thaws. Cross-wavelet analysis was used to investigate the correlation between N2O fluxes and those variables. Results indicate that N2O fluxes and meteorological variables have significant covariance in time scales ranging from 4 to 32 days. In addition, temporal delays of 1–8 days were found in those relationships. Cross-wavelet patterns were similar when relating N2O fluxes with soil temperature, air temperature and soil moisture. The temporal patterns of fluxes and environmental variables reported here support the modeling of emissions and highlight the importance of considering the timing of fluxes in relation to trends in meteorological variables.",
keywords = "agriculture, biofuels, nitrous oxide fluxes, wavelet analysis",
author = "Marcelo Zeri and Yang, {Wendy H.} and Gisleine Cunha-Zeri and Gibson, {Christy D.} and Bernacchi, {Carl J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors are grateful to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for the use of the experimental farm, and to people that helped during field work. Gisleine Cunha-Zeri is grateful to Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), grant number 88887.308408/2018-00. This work was partially funded from the USDA to the Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit of the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This work was partially funded by the DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under award number DE-SC0018420). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy. Funding Information: The authors are grateful to the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign for the use of the experimental farm, and to people that helped during field work. Gisleine Cunha‐Zeri is grateful to Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), grant number 88887.308408/2018‐00. This work was partially funded from the USDA to the Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit of the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This work was partially funded by the DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under award number DE‐SC0018420). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors. GCB Bioenergy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = sep,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/gcbb.12728",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
pages = "756--770",
journal = "GCB Bioenergy",
issn = "1757-1693",
publisher = "Wiley-VCH",
number = "9",
}