@article{d78d4b7c779c4e7bba14f05a02bd71ad,
title = "New Generation of Climate Models Track Recent Unprecedented Changes in Earth's Radiation Budget Observed by CERES",
abstract = "We compare top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes observed by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and simulated by seven general circulation models forced with observed sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-ice boundary conditions. In response to increased SSTs along the equator and over the eastern Pacific (EP) following the so-called global warming “hiatus” of the early 21st century, simulated TOA flux changes are remarkably similar to CERES. Both show outgoing shortwave and longwave TOA flux changes that largely cancel over the west and central tropical Pacific, and large reductions in shortwave flux for EP low-cloud regions. A model's ability to represent changes in the relationship between global mean net TOA flux and surface temperature depends upon how well it represents shortwave flux changes in low-cloud regions, with most showing too little sensitivity to EP SST changes, suggesting a “pattern effect” that may be too weak compared to observations.",
author = "Loeb, {Norman G.} and Hailan Wang and Allan, {Richard P.} and Timothy Andrews and Kyle Armour and Cole, {Jason N.S.} and Dufresne, {Jean Louis} and Piers Forster and Andrew Gettelman and Huan Guo and Thorsten Mauritsen and Yi Ming and David Paynter and Cristian Proistosescu and Stuecker, {Malte F.} and Ulrika Will{\'e}n and Klaus Wyser",
note = "Funding Information: N. G. L. and H. W. were supported by the NASA CERES project. R. P. A. was supported by the U.K. National Environment Research Council (NERC) SMURPHS project (NE/N006054/1). T. A. was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. A. G. was supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation. T. M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council grant #770765 and European Union Horizon 2020 project #820829. This is IPRC publication 1431 and SOEST contribution 10910. EBAF Ed4.1 data were downloaded online from: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/products-info.php?product=EBAF. ERA5 data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) were downloaded online from: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5. The EC-Earth3-Veg simulations were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC). AMIP model simulation output is available from: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/amip_data.php. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.",
year = "2020",
month = mar,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2019GL086705",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "47",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "5",
}