Negative Cross-Resistance. History, Present Status, and Emerging Opportunities.

During the 20th century, pesticide use has become integral for current agricultural practices, as has the challenge associated with pesticide resistance. Traditional resistance management plans have often used a "use and discard" approach, changing the chemical to target a different mode of action in the pest species once resistance becomes a problem in the field. An alternative strategy is to identify compounds that confer negative cross-resistance (NCR), where the NCR compound is more toxic to pesticide resistant insects as compared to their pesticide susceptible counterparts. Examples of NCR exist in the literature, however, a systematic approach to discover and use these compounds has been lacking in industrial agriculture. In the following chapter we explore both the limitations and the potential for use of NCR strategies in relation to resistance management.