@article{8f78a901899b408199e935214b897e0b,
title = "Moving fast, thinking fast: The relations of physical activity levels and bouts to neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control in preadolescents",
abstract = "Background: Structured vigorous physical activity (VPA) can improve cognitive control in children, but studies relating daily physical activity (PA) to cognitive control have yielded conflicting findings. While objectively measured daily PA summarizes all occurrences of PA within a registered period, a minimum duration of continuous PA is required for registration of a PA bout. Because brief bouts of high-intensity PA can account for a large proportion of children's daily activity-related energy expenditure, this study assessed whether daily and bouted VPA were selectively related to cognitive control in preadolescents relative to other PA intensities. Methods: A total of 75 children between the ages of 8 and 10 years (49% girls) wore an ActiGraph wGT3X+ on the hip for 7 days. The acceleration signal from the vertical axis was summarized over 1 s, 5 s, and 15 s epochs. Daily and bouted moderate PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, and VPA were measured. PA bouts were expressed as the frequency and time spent in 2 different continuous PA bouts, one lasting ≥10 s and the other lasting ≥30 s at a given intensity. Inhibitory control was assessed using behavioral responses to a modified flanker task (mean reaction time (RTmean) and accuracy). Attentional resource allocation and cognitive processing speed were measured using the amplitude and latency of the P3 component of event-related brain potentials, respectively. Associations between PA, behavioral indices of inhibitory control, P3 amplitude, and latency were assessed using hierarchical regression models. Results: Daily VPA was not related to RTmean or accuracy on either congruent or incongruent trials. In contrast, more time spent in VPA bouts lasting ≥30 s predicted shorter P3 latency across epochs and flanker congruencies (all β ≤ –0.24, all p ≤ 0.04). The associations between shorter P3 latency and the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA bouts lasting ≥30 s were less consistent and largely limited to congruent trials (congruent: β (–0.31, –0.34)). No significant associations were observed upon correction for false discovery rate. Conclusion: The pattern of uncorrected associations aligns with the dose–response literature and suggests that brief VPA bouts may yield the greatest benefits to cognitive processing speed in preadolescents. Future studies using measures of brain structure and function are needed to understand the mechanisms linking bouted VPA to neurocognitive function during childhood.",
keywords = "Accelerometry, Bouts, Children, ERPs, Inhibitory control, P3, Physical activity",
author = "Pindus, {Dominika M.} and Drollette, {Eric S.} and Raine, {Lauren B.} and Kao, {Shih Chun} and Naiman Khan and Westfall, {Daniel R.} and Morgan Hamill and Rebecca Shorin and E. Calobrisi and Dinesh John and Kramer, {Arthur F.} and Hillman, {Charles H.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was funded in part by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD RO1 HD069381) (to CHH and AFK), National Institute of Food and Agriculture , U.S. Department of Agriculture , (2011-67001-30101), University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and Abbott Nutrition through the Center for Nutrition, Learning, and Memory (ANGC1204) (to CHH and NAK). Funding Information: This study was funded in part by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD RO1 HD069381) (to CHH and AFK), National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, (2011-67001-30101), University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and Abbott Nutrition through the Center for Nutrition, Learning, and Memory (ANGC1204) (to CHH and NAK). The authors thank the participants, their families, and the Urbana School District 116 for participating in the study. In addition, the authors thank Bonnie Hemrick and Jeanine Bensken for their assistance in recruiting study participants, and the numerous undergraduate students and staff who helped with the testing of study participants. The authors thank numerous undergraduate students at Northeastern University for their assistance in the preparation of the Supplementary Tables. DMP conceived of the study and analytical approach, collected the data, reduced accelerometry data, conducted statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript; ESD collected the data, reduced neurophysiological and cognitive data; LBR and SCK collected the data, reviewed data analyses and early drafts of the manuscript; NK contributed to data interpretation; DRW collected the data, reviewed data analyses; MH, RS, and EC contributed to accelerometry data reduction and reviewed results for accuracy; DJ critically reviewed the methodological and analytical strategy and early versions of the draft; AFK and CHH conceived of the randomized controlled trial (FITKids2 trial, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01619826) from which this study drew data, coordinated the trial, supervised the study and conceptually contributed to data interpretation. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree with the order of presentation of the authors. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding Information: This study was funded in part by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD RO1 HD069381) (to CHH and AFK), National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture (2011-67001-30101), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Abbott Nutrition through the Center for Nutrition, Learning, and Memory (ANGC1204) (to CHH and NAK). The authors thank the participants, their families, and the Urbana School District 116 for participating in the study. In addition, the authors thank Bonnie Hemrick and Jeanine Bensken for their assistance in recruiting study participants, and the numerous undergraduate students and staff who helped with the testing of study participants. The authors thank numerous undergraduate students at Northeastern University for their assistance in the preparation of the Supplementary Tables. DMP conceived of the study and analytical approach, collected the data, reduced accelerometry data, conducted statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript; ESD collected the data and reduced neurophysiological and cognitive data; LBR and SCK collected the data and reviewed data analyses and early drafts of the manuscript; NK contributed to data interpretation; DRW collected the data and reviewed data analyses; MH, RS, and EC contributed to accelerometry data reduction and reviewed results for accuracy; DJ critically reviewed the methodological and analytical strategy and early versions of the draft; AFK and CHH conceived of the randomized controlled trial (FITKids2 trial, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01619826) from which this study drew data, coordinated the trial, supervised the study, and conceptually contributed to data interpretation. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree with the order of presentation of the authors. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019",
year = "2019",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.003",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "8",
pages = "301--314",
journal = "Journal of Sport and Health Science",
issn = "2095-2546",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "4",
}