Mitigation of earthquake liquefaction hazards: A review of physical modelling studies

Physical model tests have proven to be a valuable source of data due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed field data on the performance of various structures under seismic loading. These studies have attempted to simulate the effect of a range of ground improvement techniques, such as gravel drains or stone columns, compaction, and in-ground walls. In some cases, structural elements such as sheet pile walls have been combined with drainage elements to improve performance. This paper presents a summary and review of some physical model test data relating to simulation of the above methods and describes the observed performance in mitigating liquefaction-induced damage in these tests.