@article{91090119acce487ab0e12f40cb921245,
title = "Miniaturized electromechanical devices for the characterization of the biomechanics of deep tissue",
abstract = "Evaluating the biomechanics of soft tissues at depths well below their surface, and at high precision and in real time, would open up diagnostic opportunities. Here, we report the development and application of miniaturized electromagnetic devices, each integrating a vibratory actuator and a soft strain-sensing sheet, for dynamically measuring the Young{\textquoteright}s modulus of skin and of other soft tissues at depths of approximately 1–8 mm, depending on the particular design of the sensor. We experimentally and computationally established the operational principles of the devices and evaluated their performance with a range of synthetic and biological materials and with human skin in healthy volunteers. Arrays of devices can be used to spatially map elastic moduli and to profile the modulus depth-wise. As an example of practical medical utility, we show that the devices can be used to accurately locate lesions associated with psoriasis. Compact electronic devices for the rapid and precise mechanical characterization of living tissues could be used to monitor and diagnose a range of health disorders.",
author = "Enming Song and Zhaoqian Xie and Wubin Bai and Haiwen Luan and Bowen Ji and Xin Ning and Yu Xia and Baek, {Janice Mihyun} and Yujin Lee and Raudel Avila and Chen, {Huang Yu} and Kim, {Jae Hwan} and Surabhi Madhvapathy and Kuanming Yao and Dengfeng Li and Jingkun Zhou and Mengdi Han and Won, {Sang Min} and Xinyuan Zhang and Myers, {Daniel J.} and Yongfeng Mei and Xu Guo and Shuai Xu and Chang, {Jan Kai} and Xinge Yu and Yonggang Huang and Rogers, {John A.}",
note = "Funding Information: acknowledges support of the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ICT Creative Consilience programme (IITP-2020-0-01821), supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation), and support by the Nano Material Technology Development Program (2020M3H4A1A03084600) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea. Y.M. acknowledges the support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 51961145108 and 61975035) and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (nos. 19XD1400600 and 20501130700). Y.H. acknowledges support from the NSF (CMMI1635443). Funding Information: This work was supported by the Querrey/Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics at Northwestern University. We acknowledge the use of facilities in the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory for device fabrication and the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory for Advanced Science and Technology for device measurement at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E.S., K.Y., D.L., J.Z. and X.Y. acknowledge the support from City University of Hong Kong (grant nos. 9610423, 9667199, 9667221), Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (grant no. 21210820), and Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (grant no. JCYJ20200109110201713). Z.X. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 12072057) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. DUT20RC(3)032). S.M.W. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1038/s41551-021-00723-y",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
pages = "759--771",
journal = "Nature biomedical engineering",
issn = "2157-846X",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "7",
}