Metrics of financial effectiveness: Return On Investment in XSEDE, a national cyberinfrastructure coordination and support organization

This paper explores the financial effectiveness of a national advanced computing support organization within the United States (US) called the eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE). XSEDE was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2011 to manage delivery of advanced computing support to researchers in the US working on non-classified research. In this paper, we describe the methodologies employed to calculate the return on investment (ROI) for governmental expenditures on XSEDE and present a lower bound on the US government's ROI for XSEDE from 2014 to 2020. For each year of the XSEDE project considered, XSEDE delivered measurable value to the US that exceeded the cost incurred by the Federal Government to fund XSEDE. That is, the US Federal Government's ROI for XSEDE is at least 1 each year. Over the course of the study period, the ROI for XSEDE rose from 0.99 to 1.78. This increase was due partly to our ability to assign a value to more and more of XSEDE's services over time and partly to the value of certain XSEDE services increasing over time. From 2014 to 2020, XSEDE offered an ROI of more than 1.5 in value for every 1.0 invested by the US Federal Government. Because our estimations were very conservative, this figure represents the lower bound of the value created by XSEDE. The most important part of "returns"created by XSEDE are the actual outcomes it enables in terms of education, enabling new discoveries, and supporting the creation of new inventions that improve quality of life. In future work we will use newly developed accounting methodologies to begin assessing the value of the outcomes of XSEDE.