Membrane-based electrochemical technologies: III. Selective ion removal and recovery

The recent advances in membrane-based electrochemical technologies are pursued in this chapter as promising future water treatment methods, with the chapter discussion having a significant focus on systems for selective ion removal and recovery. The basic concepts and definitions in the field of selective electrochemical separations are reviewed, alongside the major membrane-based electrochemical separation systems. Three main systems are covered: electrodialysis, membrane capacitive deionization, and electrochemical filtration systems. The chapter provides a brief overview of recent literature on these integrated systems for different applications such as heavy metal removal, metal recovery, and remediation of dilute contaminants. The chapter ends with a discussion on the current challenges of and the potential directions for research in the field of selective electrochemical membranes.