Mai1 protein acts between host recognition of pathogen effectors and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling

The molecular mechanisms acting between host recognition of pathogen effectors by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are unknown. MAPKKKa (M3Ka) activates MAPK signaling leading to programmed cell death (PCD) associated with NLR-triggered immunity. We identified a tomato M3Ka-interacting protein, SlMai1, that has 80% amino acid identity with Arabidopsis brassinosteroid kinase 1 (AtBsk1). SlMai1 has a protein kinase domain and a Cterminal tetratricopeptide repeat domain that interacts with the kinase domain of M3Ka. Virus-induced gene silencing of Mai1 homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae and compromised PCD induced by four NLR proteins. PCD was restored by expression of a synthetic SlMai1 gene that resists silencing. Expression of AtBsk1 did not restore PCD in Mai1-silenced plants, suggesting SlMai1 is functionally divergent from AtBsk1. PCD caused by overexpression of M3Ka or MKK2 was unaffected by Mai1 silencing, suggesting Mai1 acts upstream of these proteins. Coexpression of Mai1 with M3Ka in leaves enhanced MAPK phosphorylation and accelerated PCD. These findings suggest Mai1 is a molecular link acting between host recognition of pathogens and MAPK signaling.