Liquid Crystal Orientation and Shape Optimization for the Active Response of Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Jorge Luis Barrera, Caitlyn Cook, Elaine Lee, Kenneth Swartz, Daniel Tortorelli

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are responsive materials that can undergo large reversible deformations upon exposure to external stimuli, such as electrical and thermal fields. Controlling the alignment of their liquid crystals mesogens to achieve desired shape changes unlocks a new design paradigm that is unavailable when using traditional materials. While experimental measurements can provide valuable insights into their behavior, computational analysis is essential to exploit their full potential. Accurate simulation is not, however, the end goal; rather, it is the means to achieve their optimal design. Such design optimization problems are best solved with algorithms that require gradients, i.e., sensitivities, of the cost and constraint functions with respect to the design parameters, to efficiently traverse the design space. In this work, a nonlinear LCE model and adjoint sensitivity analysis are implemented in a scalable and flexible finite element-based open source framework and integrated into a gradient-based design optimization tool. To display the versatility of the computational framework, LCE design problems that optimize both the material, i.e., liquid crystal orientation, and structural shape to reach a target actuated shapes or maximize energy absorption are solved. Multiple parameterizations, customized to address fabrication limitations, are investigated in both 2D and 3D. The case studies are followed by a discussion on the simulation and design optimization hurdles, as well as potential avenues for improving the robustness of similar computational frameworks for applications of interest.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number1425
JournalPolymers
Volume16
Issue number10
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2024
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • active material
  • design optimization
  • finite element analysis
  • liquid crystal elastomer
  • responsive material
  • smart material
  • soft actuation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Chemistry
  • Polymers and Plastics

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