TY - JOUR
T1 - Lightning
T2 - A hard real-time, fast, and lightweight low-end wireless sensor election protocol for acoustic event localization
AU - Wang, Qixin
AU - Zheng, Rong
AU - Tirumala, Ajay
AU - Liu, Xue
AU - Sha, Lui
N1 - Funding Information:
This work is supported in part by MURI N00014-01-0576, NSF ANI 02-21357, NSF CCR 02-09202, NSF CCR 3-25716, NSF CNS 06-49885 SGER, ONR N00014-02-1-0102, ONR N00014-05-0739, a Lockheed Martin Grant, and Rockwell Collins Grant. Q. Wang is also supported by a Vodafone Fellowship. Dr. R. Zheng is also supported by US National Science Foundation CAREER Award CNS-0546391. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. The authors thank Ms. Tanya L. Crenshaw and the anonymous reviewers for their advice on improving this paper.
PY - 2008/5
Y1 - 2008/5
N2 - We present the Lightning Protocol, a hard real-time, fast, and lightweight protocol to elect the sensor closest to an impulsive sound source. This protocol can serve proximity-based localization or leader election for sensor collaboration. It utilizes the fact that electromagnetic waves propagate much faster than acoustic waves to efficiently reduce the number of contending sensors in the election. With simple RF bursts, most basic comparison operations, no need of clock synchronization, and a memory footprint as small as 5,330 bytes of ROM and 187 bytes of RAM, the protocol incurs O(1) transmissions, irrespective of the sensor density, and guarantees hard real-time (O(1)) localization time cost. Experiment results using UC Berkeley Motes in a common office environment demonstrate that the time delay for the Lightning Protocol is on the order of milliseconds. The simplicity of the protocol reduces memory cost, computation complexity, and programming difficulty, making it desirable for low-end wireless sensors.
AB - We present the Lightning Protocol, a hard real-time, fast, and lightweight protocol to elect the sensor closest to an impulsive sound source. This protocol can serve proximity-based localization or leader election for sensor collaboration. It utilizes the fact that electromagnetic waves propagate much faster than acoustic waves to efficiently reduce the number of contending sensors in the election. With simple RF bursts, most basic comparison operations, no need of clock synchronization, and a memory footprint as small as 5,330 bytes of ROM and 187 bytes of RAM, the protocol incurs O(1) transmissions, irrespective of the sensor density, and guarantees hard real-time (O(1)) localization time cost. Experiment results using UC Berkeley Motes in a common office environment demonstrate that the time delay for the Lightning Protocol is on the order of milliseconds. The simplicity of the protocol reduces memory cost, computation complexity, and programming difficulty, making it desirable for low-end wireless sensors.
KW - Location-dependent and sensitive
KW - Pervasive computing
KW - Real time
KW - Wireless sensor networks
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U2 - 10.1109/TMC.2007.70752
DO - 10.1109/TMC.2007.70752
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:41549166263
SN - 1536-1233
VL - 7
SP - 570
EP - 584
JO - IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
JF - IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IS - 5
M1 - 4358996
ER -