Investigation of entropy and turbulence characteristics of water based Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and graphene-oxide nanoparticles in a triangular rod array

Entropy and turbulence characteristics are crucial for assessing the thermal-hydraulic performance of a nuclear reactor. Using the Finite Volume Method, this study investigates the turbulence behaviour and variation in entropy generation in a triangular rod array with water-based Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and Graphene-Oxide nanoparticles. We also examine the effects of different volumes of nanofluids. Under forced turbulent conditions, numerical investigations were carried out assuming a homogeneous single phase mixture. The Reynolds number is varied from 20 × 10³to 80 × 10³. The results are compared with traditional correlations which exhibit a precise alignment. By observing the results, it was found that as volume fractions of the coolants increase, the entropy decreases. On the contrary, with an increase in volume concentrations, however, turbulence kinetic energy was found increased.