Integration of Level 3 probabilistic risk assessment for nuclear power plants with transportation simulation considering earthquake hazards

This research improves the realism of Level 3 probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for nuclear power plants (NPPs) to avoid subjective expert judgement by modeling the evacuation behavior of the residents and making two advancements. First, evacuation speed taken from a transportation simulation code was used as an input to the Level 3 PRA code, i.e., the MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS). The transportation simulation code uses the Multiagent Transport Simulation (MATSim) evacuation extension software. MATSim is interfaced with MACCS, by generating input-output communication through evacuation routes and speed distributions. Integrating the agent-based transportation simulation with the Level 3 PRA code enables the explicit incorporation of spatiotemporal evacuation processes into NPP offsite risk assessment. Second, this research is the first to explicitly incorporate the probability of seismic damage to roadway bridges into Level 3 PRA of NPPs. The likelihood of seismic bridge damage, given an earthquake, is estimated using the HAZUS program developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The road closure due to seismic damage, estimated by HAZUS, is used as input to the agent-based transportation simulation, where evacuation routes and speed distributions are calculated considering the impact of seismic damage. These advancements can improve the realism of Level 3 PRA for NPPs by enhancing the evacuation analysis resolution and reducing the reliance on subjective judgment to characterize evacuation routes, speed, and seismic impact on Level 3 PRA. Integrating the transportation simulation and the natural hazard risk assessment with the Level 3 PRA code can also provide more in-depth causal insights for offsite risk management, such as recommending optimal evacuation routes in an emergency response plan. These contributions are demonstrated using the Sequoyah NPP case study adopted from the state-of-the-art reactor consequence analyses (SOARCA) conducted by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).