Incidence of cancer and screening recommendations

Cancer incidence is increased in dialysis and transplant patients, particularly virally mediated cancers, like lymphomas (especially in transplanted patients), liver cancer, and human papilloma virus-associated cancers, like tongue and cervical. Urothelial cancers are more common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and transplant patients, as well as in chronic kidney disease patients. Effective cancer screening depends on cancer incidence, risk factors, and expected survival. Potential transplant candidates should undergo cancer screening following recommendations for the general population, with the addition of screening for renal cell cancer, depending on dialysis vintage. Cancer screening in nontransplant ESRD patients should be individualized, based on risk and expected survival.