TY - JOUR
T1 - How combination of control methods and renewable energies leads a large commercial building to a zero-emission zone – A case study in U.S.
AU - Esmaeilzadeh, Ahmad
AU - Deal, Brian
AU - Yousefi-Koma, Aghil
AU - Zakerzadeh, Mohammad Reza
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the Smart Energy Design Assistance Center (SEDAC), Dept. of Landscape Architecture of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as well as Todd Rusk, Robert Nemeth, Shawn Maurer, and Linda Larsen for their helps in this research.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF; Grant No. 4013238 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/1/15
Y1 - 2023/1/15
N2 - This paper aims to develop a decision-making tool to minimize large commercial buildings’ Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning, and Cooling (HVAC) system environmental footprints. We modeled a terminal of an airport as a case study constituting hot water boilers, chillers, and air handling units, which forms the initial HVAC system, in EnergyPlus. The case study model is validated with monthly energy consumption data. Then, the decision-making system is applied on the retrofitted hybrid HVAC system resulted by combining Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system, Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) unit, and existing HVAC system. The decision-making system is developed based on three kinds of optimized controllers including Model Predictive Controller (MPC), Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (FSMC), and relay controller (Initial controller of HVAC system). The optimization is designed based on reducing CO2 emission as well as providing comfort temperature. We found that retrofitting by hybrid system reduces emission by 90% compared with the initial system and applying intelligent controllers including MPC and FSMC, improve it to 95% CO2 emission reduction. While initial system provides comfort temperature 85% of the simulation period, retrofitted HVAC system controlled by MPC or FSMC sets indoor temperature 96% of 1-year simulation.
AB - This paper aims to develop a decision-making tool to minimize large commercial buildings’ Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning, and Cooling (HVAC) system environmental footprints. We modeled a terminal of an airport as a case study constituting hot water boilers, chillers, and air handling units, which forms the initial HVAC system, in EnergyPlus. The case study model is validated with monthly energy consumption data. Then, the decision-making system is applied on the retrofitted hybrid HVAC system resulted by combining Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system, Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) unit, and existing HVAC system. The decision-making system is developed based on three kinds of optimized controllers including Model Predictive Controller (MPC), Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (FSMC), and relay controller (Initial controller of HVAC system). The optimization is designed based on reducing CO2 emission as well as providing comfort temperature. We found that retrofitting by hybrid system reduces emission by 90% compared with the initial system and applying intelligent controllers including MPC and FSMC, improve it to 95% CO2 emission reduction. While initial system provides comfort temperature 85% of the simulation period, retrofitted HVAC system controlled by MPC or FSMC sets indoor temperature 96% of 1-year simulation.
KW - Control algorithm
KW - Environmental footprints
KW - Hybrid energy resources
KW - Retrofitting HVAC system
KW - Solar energy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85141749218&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85141749218&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.energy.2022.125944
DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2022.125944
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85141749218
VL - 263
JO - Energy
JF - Energy
SN - 0360-5442
M1 - 125944
ER -