@inproceedings{090c9f0676784c699bb40ec9d78f02e0,
title = "High efficiency quadruple junction, four-terminal solar cells and modules by transfer printing",
abstract = "Conventional multi-junction (MJ) cells are limited by requirements in epitaxial growth and current-matching. Mechanically stacked MJ cells circumvent these disadvantages, but existing approaches lack scalable manufacturing processes and suitable interfaces between the stacked cells. Here we present materials and strategies designed to bypass these limitations. The schemes involve (1) printing of microscale solar cells, (2) advanced optical/electrical/thermal interface materials and (3) packaging techniques, electrical matching networks, and compact ultrahigh concentration optics. We demonstrate quadruple junction, four-terminal solar cells with measured efficiencies of 43.9% at concentrations exceeding 1000 suns, and modules with efficiencies of 36.5%.",
keywords = "mechanical stack, multijunction, photovoltaic cells, transfer printing",
author = "Xing Sheng and Bower, {Christopher A.} and Salvatore Bonafede and Wilson, {John W.} and Brent Fisher and Matthew Meitl and Homan Yuen and Shuodao Wang and Ling Shen and Banks, {Anthony R.} and Corcoran, {Christopher J.} and Nuzzo, {Ralph G} and Scott Burroughs and Rogers, {John A}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014 IEEE.; 40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, PVSC 2014 ; Conference date: 08-06-2014 Through 13-06-2014",
year = "2014",
month = oct,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1109/PVSC.2014.6924886",
language = "English (US)",
series = "2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, PVSC 2014",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
pages = "3605--3607",
booktitle = "2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, PVSC 2014",
address = "United States",
}